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PSYC105 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

the study of how behavior and mental processes change over the lifespan

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2
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

error of assuming that because A comes before B, A must cause B

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3
Q

post hoc theory example

A
  • children who are shy are more likely to become engineers as adults; argument: shyness leads to an intrest in engineering
  • 100% of serial killers drank milk as children therefore drinking milk causes serial killers
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4
Q

developmetal influences are _______

A

bidirectional

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5
Q

bidirectional

A

childrens experiences influence their development, but their development also influenes their experiences

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6
Q

unidirectional explinations

A

those that attempt to explain development in terms of a one-headed arrow

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7
Q

cross sectional design

A

a design in which researchers examine people of different ages at a single point in time
- obtain an “smapshot”

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8
Q

what is the major problem of cross sectional designs

A

done control for cohort effects

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9
Q

cohort effects

A

effects due to the fact that sets of people who lived during one time period, called cohorts, can differ in some systematic way from sets of people who lived during a different time period

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10
Q

what are the 2 myths concerning development

A
  • infant determinism: widespread assumption that extremely early experiences are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults
  • child fragility: children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged
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11
Q

what are the nature-nurture intersetions

A
  • gene enviorment interactions
  • nature via nurture
  • gene expression
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12
Q

gene enviorment interactions

A

the impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment in which the behaviour develops

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13
Q

nature via nurture

A

genetic predisposition can drive us to select and create particular enviorments, leading to the mistaken apperance of a pure effect of nature

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14
Q

gene expression

A

some genes can “turn on” only in response to specific environmental events

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15
Q

genes and the enviorment are _______

A

confounded

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16
Q

example of gene enviorment interaction

A

enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)
- those who posses this enzyme are at heightened risk for developing into violent criminals when there is a history of mistreatment

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17
Q

gene expression example

A

children with genes that predispose them to anxiety may never become anxious unless a highly stressful event, like the death of a parent early in development, triggers these genes to become active

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18
Q

when sperm cell fertilizes an egg it produces a

A

zygote

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19
Q

in the germinal stage, the zygote begins to devide and double, forming a ________

A

blastocyst

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20
Q

once the cells start to assume different functions the blastocyst becomes an ______

A

embryo

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21
Q

when is the embronic stage

A

from the 2-8th week of development

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22
Q

embryonic stage

A

limbs, facial features, and major organs begin to take shae

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23
Q

fetal stage

A

embryo becomes a fetus

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24
Q

when does the human brain begin to develop

A

18 days after fertilization

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25
Q

when doe neurons begin to develop

A

between the 18th day and the end of the 6th month

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26
Q

what are the obstacles to normal fetal development

A
  1. exposure to hazardous enviormental influences
  2. biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division
  3. premature birth
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27
Q

a full term baby is born after __ weeks of pregnancy

A

40

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28
Q

when are preterm babies born

A

at fewer than 36 weeks

29
Q

viability point

A

the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive

30
Q

what is the viability point

A

25 weeks in most cases

31
Q

sucking reflex

A

automatic response to oral stimulation

32
Q

rooting reflex

A

eating

33
Q

motor behaviours

A

bodily motions that occur as a result of self initiated force that moves bones and muscles

34
Q

what are the major motor milestones

A

sitting up (6months), crawling (9months), standing unsupported (11 months), and walking (13months)

35
Q

Micheal hermanussen found that mini growth spurts occur

A

every 33 to 55 days in children ages 3-16

36
Q

our bodies dont reach full maturity till

A

adolesence

37
Q

adolscence

A

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years
- time of many profound physical changes

38
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation

39
Q

when does spermarche usually occur

A

around the age of 13

40
Q

what is the first sign of sexual maturation in males

A

enlargement of the testicles and penis and growth of facial hair

41
Q

the timing of puberty in both sexes is ________ influenced

A

genetically

42
Q

when do most people reach peak strenght, coordination, speed of cognitive processing and physical flexibility

A

early 20s

43
Q

female fertility declines rapidly during

A

their 30s and 40s

44
Q

cognitive development

A

how we aquire the ability to learn, think, communicate, and remeber over time

45
Q

what are the three core ways that cogntive development theories differ

A
  1. some propose stage-like changes in understanding; other more continuous changes in understanding
  2. some adopt a domain general account of development, other a domain specific account
  3. differ in their views of principal source of learning
46
Q

how was piaget a stage theorist

A

he believed that childrens development is marked by radical reorganizations of thinking at specific transition points -stages- followed by period during whihc their understanding of the world stabilizes

47
Q

Piaget beleived that the end point of cogntive development is

A

achieving the ability to reason logically about hyopthetical problems

48
Q

piaget theory

A
  • stage theorist
  • domain general, slicing across all areas of cognitive development
49
Q

piaget proposed that cognitive change is marked by

A

equalibrium (maintaining a balance between our experience of the world and our thoughts about it

50
Q

what two processes did piaget suggest that children use to keep their thinking abou the world in tune with their experiences

A

assimilation and accomadation

51
Q

assimilation

A

process of absorbing new experiences into current shemas
- can be used to aquire new knowledge within a stage

52
Q

when a child can no longer assimulate experiences into their exsisting knowledge structures, they are forced to engage in

A

accommodation

53
Q

accommodation

A

altering of a schema to make it more compatible with experience

54
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development iss Piagets theory

A
  • sensorimotor
  • preoperational
  • concrete operations
  • formal operation
55
Q

as a result of piaget, psychologists today have reconceptualized cognitive development by

A
  1. veiwing children as diffrent in kind rather than degree from adults
  2. characterizing learning as an active rather than passice process
  3. exploring general cognitive processes that may cut across multiple domain of knowledge, thereby accounting for cogntive development in terms of fewer underlying problems
56
Q

in what stage do children lack object permanence and differed imitation

A

sensorimotor stage

57
Q

horizontal decalage

A

cases in which a child is more advanced in one cogntive domain than the other

58
Q

scaffolding

A

Vygotskain learning mechanism in which parent provide intial asistance in childrens learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

59
Q

Vygotsky identified the

A

zone of proximal development

60
Q

zone of proximal development

A

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

61
Q

differences in the theories

A

Piaget
- empasized physical interaction with the world

Vygotsky
- no domain general stages
- empasizes social interaction with the world

62
Q

example of psychomythology

A

the mozart effect

63
Q

Baillargeons findings

A
  • infants possses a basic understanding ofsome other aspect of how physical objects behave, called naive physics
64
Q

at what age do infants posses a sense of self

A

3 months

65
Q

theory of the mind

A

childrens ability to reason about what other people believe

66
Q

what is the test of theory of the mind

A

false belief task

67
Q

according to David Elkind, adolescent behavioural problems stems in part from

A

personal fable
- teenageers feelings of profound uniqueness and of living out a story that others are watching
- feelings of “specialness” cane sometimes lead to a sense of invincibility

68
Q

What cogntive ability improve with age

A
  1. although free recall declines with age, cues recall and recognition remains intact
  2. show relatively little decline when asked to remember material that pertinent to their everyday lives
  3. older adults preform better on vocabulary and knowledge tests than younger adults
  4. crystalized intelligence tends to stay the same
69
Q
A

PSYC105 (4 decks)

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