Chapter 10

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

the study of how behavior and mental processes change over the lifespan

Question 2

post hoc fallacy

Answer 2

error of assuming that because A comes before B, A must cause B

Question 3

post hoc theory example

Answer 3

• children who are shy are more likely to become engineers as adults; argument: shyness leads to an intrest in engineering
• 100% of serial killers drank milk as children therefore drinking milk causes serial killers

Question 4

developmetal influences are _______

Answer 4

bidirectional

Question 5

bidirectional

Answer 5

childrens experiences influence their development, but their development also influenes their experiences

Question 6

unidirectional explinations

Answer 6

those that attempt to explain development in terms of a one-headed arrow

Question 7

cross sectional design

Answer 7

a design in which researchers examine people of different ages at a single point in time
- obtain an “smapshot”

Question 8

what is the major problem of cross sectional designs

Answer 8

done control for cohort effects

Question 9

cohort effects

Answer 9

effects due to the fact that sets of people who lived during one time period, called cohorts, can differ in some systematic way from sets of people who lived during a different time period

Question 10

what are the 2 myths concerning development

Answer 10

• infant determinism: widespread assumption that extremely early experiences are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults
• child fragility: children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged

Question 11

what are the nature-nurture intersetions

Answer 11

• gene enviorment interactions
• nature via nurture
• gene expression

Question 12

gene enviorment interactions

Answer 12

the impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment in which the behaviour develops

Question 13

nature via nurture

Answer 13

genetic predisposition can drive us to select and create particular enviorments, leading to the mistaken apperance of a pure effect of nature

Question 14

gene expression

Answer 14

some genes can “turn on” only in response to specific environmental events

Question 15

genes and the enviorment are _______

Answer 15

confounded

Question 16

example of gene enviorment interaction

Answer 16

enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)
- those who posses this enzyme are at heightened risk for developing into violent criminals when there is a history of mistreatment

Question 17

gene expression example

Answer 17

children with genes that predispose them to anxiety may never become anxious unless a highly stressful event, like the death of a parent early in development, triggers these genes to become active

Question 18

when sperm cell fertilizes an egg it produces a

Answer 18

zygote

Question 19

in the germinal stage, the zygote begins to devide and double, forming a ________

Answer 19

blastocyst

Question 20

once the cells start to assume different functions the blastocyst becomes an ______

Answer 20

embryo

Question 21

when is the embronic stage

Answer 21

from the 2-8th week of development

Question 22

embryonic stage

Answer 22

limbs, facial features, and major organs begin to take shae

Question 23

fetal stage

Answer 23

embryo becomes a fetus

Question 24

when does the human brain begin to develop

Answer 24

18 days after fertilization

Question 25

when doe neurons begin to develop

Answer 25

between the 18th day and the end of the 6th month

Question 26

what are the obstacles to normal fetal development

Answer 26

1. exposure to hazardous enviormental influences 2. biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division 3. premature birth

Question 27

a full term baby is born after __ weeks of pregnancy

Answer 27

40

Question 28

when are preterm babies born

Answer 28

at fewer than 36 weeks

Question 29

viability point

Answer 29

the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive

Question 30

what is the viability point

Answer 30

25 weeks in most cases

Question 31

sucking reflex

Answer 31

automatic response to oral stimulation

Question 32

rooting reflex

Answer 32

eating

Question 33

motor behaviours

Answer 33

bodily motions that occur as a result of self initiated force that moves bones and muscles

Question 34

what are the major motor milestones

Answer 34

sitting up (6months), crawling (9months), standing unsupported (11 months), and walking (13months)

Question 35

Micheal hermanussen found that mini growth spurts occur

Answer 35

every 33 to 55 days in children ages 3-16

Question 36

our bodies dont reach full maturity till

Answer 36

adolesence

Question 37

adolscence

Answer 37

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years - time of many profound physical changes

Question 38

spermarche

Answer 38

the first ejaculation

Question 39

when does spermarche usually occur

Answer 39

around the age of 13

Question 40

what is the first sign of sexual maturation in males

Answer 40

enlargement of the testicles and penis and growth of facial hair

Question 41

the timing of puberty in both sexes is ________ influenced

Answer 41

genetically

Question 42

when do most people reach peak strenght, coordination, speed of cognitive processing and physical flexibility

Answer 42

early 20s

Question 43

female fertility declines rapidly during

Answer 43

their 30s and 40s

Question 44

cognitive development

Answer 44

how we aquire the ability to learn, think, communicate, and remeber over time

Question 45

what are the three core ways that cogntive development theories differ

Answer 45

1. some propose stage-like changes in understanding; other more continuous changes in understanding 2. some adopt a domain general account of development, other a domain specific account 3. differ in their views of principal source of learning

Question 46

how was piaget a stage theorist

Answer 46

he believed that childrens development is marked by radical reorganizations of thinking at specific transition points -stages- followed by period during whihc their understanding of the world stabilizes

Question 47

Piaget beleived that the end point of cogntive development is

Answer 47

achieving the ability to reason logically about hyopthetical problems

Question 48

piaget theory

Answer 48

- stage theorist - domain general, slicing across all areas of cognitive development

Question 49

piaget proposed that cognitive change is marked by

Answer 49

equalibrium (maintaining a balance between our experience of the world and our thoughts about it

Question 50

what two processes did piaget suggest that children use to keep their thinking abou the world in tune with their experiences

Answer 50

assimilation and accomadation

Question 51

assimilation

Answer 51

process of absorbing new experiences into current shemas - can be used to aquire new knowledge within a stage

Question 52

when a child can no longer assimulate experiences into their exsisting knowledge structures, they are forced to engage in

Answer 52

accommodation

Question 53

accommodation

Answer 53

altering of a schema to make it more compatible with experience

Question 54

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development iss Piagets theory

Answer 54

- sensorimotor - preoperational - concrete operations - formal operation

Question 55

as a result of piaget, psychologists today have reconceptualized cognitive development by

Answer 55

1. veiwing children as diffrent in kind rather than degree from adults 2. characterizing learning as an active rather than passice process 3. exploring general cognitive processes that may cut across multiple domain of knowledge, thereby accounting for cogntive development in terms of fewer underlying problems

Question 56

in what stage do children lack object permanence and differed imitation

Answer 56

sensorimotor stage

Question 57

horizontal decalage

Answer 57

cases in which a child is more advanced in one cogntive domain than the other

Question 58

scaffolding

Answer 58

Vygotskain learning mechanism in which parent provide intial asistance in childrens learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

Question 59

Vygotsky identified the

Answer 59

zone of proximal development

Question 60

zone of proximal development

Answer 60

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

Question 61

differences in the theories

Answer 61

Piaget - empasized physical interaction with the world Vygotsky - no domain general stages - empasizes social interaction with the world

Question 62

example of psychomythology

Answer 62

the mozart effect

Question 63

Baillargeons findings

Answer 63

- infants possses a basic understanding ofsome other aspect of how physical objects behave, called naive physics

Question 64

at what age do infants posses a sense of self

Answer 64

3 months

Question 65

theory of the mind

Answer 65

childrens ability to reason about what other people believe

Question 66

what is the test of theory of the mind

Answer 66

false belief task

Question 67

according to David Elkind, adolescent behavioural problems stems in part from

Answer 67

personal fable - teenageers feelings of profound uniqueness and of living out a story that others are watching - feelings of "specialness" cane sometimes lead to a sense of invincibility

Question 68

What cogntive ability improve with age

Answer 68

1. although free recall declines with age, cues recall and recognition remains intact 2. show relatively little decline when asked to remember material that pertinent to their everyday lives 3. older adults preform better on vocabulary and knowledge tests than younger adults 4. crystalized intelligence tends to stay the same