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Microbiology 1073 > Chapter 9 - Immune, skin and eye diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Immune, skin and eye diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

retrovirus

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2
Q

how does HIV a attach itself to a host cell

A

using its GP 120 spikes

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3
Q

using the GP 120 spikes of a HIV, what cells does it attach to?

A

CD4(helper-t-cell) and co receptor CCR5/CxCR4

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4
Q

Def: retrovirus

A

type of RN virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of the host cell it invades, changing the GENOME of that cell

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5
Q

Def: Provirus

A

Virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: HIV once putting viral contents INSIDE cell, _________________ occurs and the virus is incorporated ino the host genome

A

Reverse transcription

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7
Q

why is the infection of HIV on macrohpages so important?

A

Due to the viruses ability to stay dormant and not kill the cell it is able to stay as a chronic disease. The macrophages will act as a continous source for the virus

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8
Q

Def: Viral load

A

the amount of viurs in an infected person’s blood

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: progress of the disease is classified and treatment is guided by __________________ population counts

A

T-cell

Normal count=800-1000
treatment needed=below 350
progression to stage 3(AIDS)=bellow 200

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10
Q

How does normal microbiota protect skin from transient pathogens?(3 ways)

A
  1. Microbial antagonism
  2. Perspiration-high NaCl solution-hypersmotic enviroment
  3. Sebum inhibits growth of bacteria by producing antimicrobial substances
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11
Q

Fill in the blank:

Most of the bacteria of the microbiome are ____________ or ________ bacteria

bacteria that can be stained

A

gram-negative
gram-positive

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12
Q

Def:

Pustule

in the name of

A

a vesicle containing purulent material(pus): can be at different levels within the epidermis

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13
Q

Def:

Bulla

relates to black plague signs

A

Fluid-filled blister, fluid is trapped under a thin layer of skin

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14
Q

Def:

Abscess

A

localized collection of pus: pus contained within dermis

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15
Q

Def:

Exanthem

A

widespread rash on the outside of the body, usually seen in children

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16
Q

Def:

Furuncle

fur=hair

A

Pus-filled abscess due to infection of hair follicles

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17
Q

def:

Carbuncle

A

deep pus-filled abscess generally formed from multiple furuncles, leion dissects through tissue

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18
Q

Def:

Enanthem

A

Rash on mucous membranes, Arises from another infection

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19
Q

Def:

Papule

A

a raised area of skin tissue that’s less than 1cm around

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20
Q

Def:

Vesicle

A

small fluid-filled lesion

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21
Q

Def:

Boil

A

pus-filled abscess dut to infection of a hair follicle(same thing as furuncle

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22
Q

Fill in blank:

most severe form of acne is ________

1. blackhead 2.cystic acne 3.pimples

A

Cystic acne

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23
Q

what diseases may be associated with S. pyogenes?

A

Erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis

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24
Q

describe with pathogen sign/symptoms and Virulence factors

Folliculitis(infection of hear follicles)

A

Pathogen: Satphylococcus epidermis and staphylococcus aureus
S and S: furuncle, Carbuncle.
Virulence: Bacterial are tolerant of skin conditions

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25
# describe with pathogen sign/symptoms and Virulence factors Staphylococcal Scalded skin Syndrome(SSSS)
pathgoen: S.aureus SandS: epidermis seperates from underlying tissue, peels off in sheets. reddening, wrinkling of skin, blisters and no scars Virulence: Exfoliative toxins spread
26
# describe with pathogen sign/symptoms and Virulence factors Impetigo
pathogen: S.aureus(80%) and Streptococcus pyogenes(20%) SandS: small flat red patches on face and limbs that develop into pus filled vesicles Virulence: N/A
27
# describe with pathogen sign/symptoms and Virulence factors Erysipelas
Pathogen: Streptococcus pyogenes. Symptoms: Painful, inflamed patches of red skin with raised edges, fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes. Cause: Bacterial toxins spreading through superficial lymphatic vessels. Transmission: Entry through cuts, wounds, or other skin breaks. Complications: Can spread to deeper tissues or bloodstream, leading to cellulitis or sepsis. Treatment: Antibiotics (penicillin or similar).
28
Necrotizing Fasciitis
* Pathogen: Streptococcus pyogenes (most common). * Symptoms: Intense pain, swelling, skin discoloration, fever, confusion. * Transmission: Skin wounds. * Treatment: Surgery (debridement), antibiotics.
29
Acne
* Pathogen: Propionibacterium acnes. * Symptoms: Pimples, blackheads, cysts. * Cause: Increased sebum production. * Treatment: Exfoliation, antibiotics, blue light therapy.
30
Gas Gangrene
* Pathogen: Clostridium species (C. perfringens). * Symptoms: Blackened tissue, intense pain, gas bubbles, shock. * Treatment: Surgical removal, antibiotics, antitoxins.
31
Pseudomonas Infection
* Pathogen: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. * Symptoms: Fever, chills, blue-green skin discoloration. * Cause: Opportunistic in burn victims or swimmers. * Treatment: Antibiotics (aminoglycosides, β-lactams).
32
The opportunistic pathogen often seen in burn victims is________________
Pseudomonas
33
what are the 3 concerns for tissue that does not receive its needed blood supply?(type of infections)
1. Ischemia 2. Necrosis 3. Gas gangrene
34
Whats the difference between SSSS and Impetigo if they are caused by same bacteria?(hint think of toxins)
SSSS toxins spread while Impetigo toxins are containted in site of infections Therefore they have different pathogenesis
35
Why is treatment of "Pseudomonas infection difficult?
it has developed many antimicrobial resistant strains
36
Chickenpox and Shingles
Pathogen: Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3). * Symptoms: Chickenpox causes an itchy, pustular rash, fever, and fatigue; shingles causes a painful rash along nerve pathways. * Transmission: Direct contact, inhalation of respiratory droplets or particles. * Complications: Secondary bacterial infections (chickenpox); postherpetic neuralgia (shingles). * Treatment: Antiviral drugs (acyclovir), symptomatic care, vaccination (chickenpox vaccine).
37
Measles (Rubeola)
* Pathogen: Morbillivirus. * Symptoms: Fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, and Koplik’s spots inside the mouth. A macular rash spreads over the body. * Transmission: Respiratory droplets. * Complications: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), pneumonia, encephalitis. * Treatment: No direct treatment; prevention via MMR vaccine.
38
Rubella (German Measles)
* Pathogen: Rubivirus. * Symptoms: Mild fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a macular rash that spreads from the face to the body. * Complications: Congenital Rubella Syndrome in unborn children, causing severe birth defects or miscarriage. * Transmission: Respiratory droplets. * Treatment: No direct treatment; prevention via MMR vaccine.
39
Smallpox
* Pathogen: Variola virus (Orthopoxvirus). * Symptoms: High fever, pustular rash that crusts and scars. * Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact with bodily fluids. * Complications: High mortality rate without treatment. * Treatment: None; eradicated through global vaccination.
39
Warts (Papillomas)
* Pathogen: Human Papillomavirus (HPV). * Symptoms: Benign epithelial growths on the skin or mucous membranes. Types include plantar, flat, and genital warts. * Transmission: Direct contact, fomites. * Complications: Some strains linked to cancers (e.g., cervical cancer). * Treatment: Removal (cryotherapy, salicylic acid), immune response therapy.
40
Herpes
* Pathogen: simplex virus HSV-1 (oral), HSV-2 (genital). * Symptoms: Painful blisters on the lips or genitals, fever, and flu-like symptoms. * Transmission: Direct contact with active lesions or secretions. * Complications: Neonatal herpes (fatal in newborns), encephalitis. * Treatment: Antiviral drugs (acyclovir); no cure, but symptoms are managed.
41
what does HHV stand for?
Human Herpesvirus
42
def: HHV-1
oral herpes 90%, genital herpes
43
Def: HHV-2
genital herpes 85%, oral herpes
44
Def: HHV-3
varicella-zoster Virus( chicken pox, singles)
45
Def: HHV-4
Epstein-barr virus(mononucleosis)
46
Def: HHV-6
Herpes
47
Def: HHV-8
Kaposis Sarcoma(rare cancer) and infects AIDS patients
48
what are 3 examples of herpe symptoms(summarize them)
1. Herpetic gingivostomatitis 2. Whitlow-Inflamed blister on finger 3. herpes gladitorium(all over body)
49
what is the significance of the formation of a syncytium in active herpes infections?
A syncytium allows the virus to evade the host's immune response and spread
50
Describe Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Affects infants with Rubella can disrupt the development of the baby
51
which type of lesion is the "pox" in small pox?
Pustule
52
Condition is located in the hypodermis and muscles
Subcutaneous
53
Condition affects numerous body systems
Systemic
54
Condition is located on the skin surface
Superficial
55
Condition is locatin IN the skin
Cutaneous
56
Where is it located when its generally not life threathing, but can cause chronic disease
Superficial and cutanous levels
57
Pityriasis Versicolor (Tinea Versicolor)
* Pathogen: Malassezia furfur (a yeast). * Symptoms: Flaky, discolored patches on the chest, back, arms, and torso; patches may appear white, pink, or brown. * Pathogenesis: Overgrowth of Malassezia (part of the normal skin microbiome), often triggered by hot, humid weather. The yeast produces keratinase, which dissolves keratin. * Transmission: Not contagious; associated with individual factors like humidity and oily skin. * Treatment: Topical antifungal creams or shampoos.
58
Ringworm (Tinea Corporis)
* Pathogen: Dermatophytes (fungi). * Symptoms: Red, circular, scaly lesions with a raised edge. Often itchy. * Transmission: Direct contact with infected skin, animals, or contaminated objects (e.g., towels, clothing). * Treatment: Topical or oral antifungal medications.
59
Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis)
* Pathogen: Dermatophytes (Trichophyton species). * Symptoms: Itchy, cracked, peeling skin between the toes and on the soles of the feet. * Transmission: Direct contact with contaminated surfaces, such as locker rooms, showers, or shared footwear. * Treatment: Antifungal creams, powders, or sprays.
60
Chromoblastomycosis
* Pathogen: Various soil fungi (ascomycetes). * Symptoms: Small, painless lesions that slowly become wart-like, thick, and tough over years. Inflammation and abscesses can occur in surrounding tissues. * Transmission: Introduced through wounds or punctures in the skin, often from thorns or splinters. * Treatment: Difficult to treat; may involve surgical removal or antifungal therapy. Severe cases might require amputation.
61
Def: Zoonosis
Disease of animals transmitted to humans
62
3 type of Leishmaniases, what are they?
Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous and Viceral
63
In leishmaniases, explain what does cutanous, mucocutaneous and visceral do to body?
Cutaneous: Large, painless lesions on ski, site of vector bite Mucocutaneous: when skin lesions enlarge to include mucus membrane of mouth and nose Visceral: Lymphoid tissue - liver spleen bone THE LOWER IN THE BODY THE MORE DANGEROUS IT IS
64
what type of disease is Leishmaniases? what are the host, and what is the vector?
Zoonotic disease wild and domestic dogs sandlfy's
65
Disease of the Eye what is trachomas? give all details
Bacterial infections with Chlamydia trachomation leads to scarring and inverses the eyelids inward, scratching the cornea and leading to blindness
66
Inflammation of conjunctiva and cornea of newborn is?
Ophtalmia Neonatorum
67
Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis=
Trachoma
68
Most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenza
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
69
Imflanation of the conjunctiva
Conjunctivits
70
Leading cause of Non-traumatic, prevelent blindness
Trachoma
71
what is a dermatophyte?
fungi of the skin, hair and nails
72
the dermatophyte that causes ring worm and athletes foot is?
ascomycetes
73
Pityriasis Versicolor
Pityriasis Versicolor * Pathogen: Malassezia furfur. * Type: Superficial. * Signs and Symptoms: Discolored, flaky skin patches.
74
Ringworm
* Pathogen: Dermatophytes (Tinea corporis). * Type: Cutaneous. * Signs and Symptoms: Red, raised circular lesions.
75
Athletes foot
* Pathogen: Dermatophytes (Tinea pedis). * Type: Cutaneous. * Signs and Symptoms: Itchy, red lesions around toes.
76
Chromoblastomycosis
* Pathogen: 4 species of ascomycetes. * Type: Subcutaneous. * Signs and Symptoms: Wart-like lesions, abscesses.
77
Define zoonosis
disease of animals transmittied to humans
78
Scabies
* Pathogen: Sarcoptes scabiei. * Signs and Symptoms: Intense itching, inflamed streaks. * Complications: Secondary bacterial infections.
79
What is Conjunctivitis, also known as
Pinkeye
80
def: kerititis
Inflammation of the cornea

Microbiology 1073 (4 decks)

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