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Microbiology 1073 > Chapter 10 - cardiovascular and nervous system diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - cardiovascular and nervous system diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Bactermia

A

Presence of bacteira in the blood

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2
Q

Septicemia

A

multiplication of bacteria in blood

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3
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Occurs if bacteria invade the bones

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4
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

Petechiae

A

Small hemorrhagic lesion

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6
Q

Toxemia

A

release of bacterial toxins into the blood

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7
Q

What are damaging affects caused by endotoxins?(name all 5)

A

Fever
DAmage to blood vessels, decreasing BP
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
inflammation
shock

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8
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • Pathogen: Normal microbiota (Viridans streptococci in 50% of cases).
    • Signs and Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, malaise, difficulty breathing, tachycardia, vegetations.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Often has an obvious source of infection. Patients with abnormal hearts are at higher risk. Emboli from vegetations can block blood vessels.
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9
Q

Tularemia

A
  • Pathogen: Francisella tularensis.
    • Signs and Symptoms: Skin lesions, swollen, tender lymph nodes, lymphangitis. Symptoms last months/years; fatal in ~1-5%.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Zoonotic; transmitted by biting insects or direct contact. Can enter unbroken skin/mucous membranes.
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10
Q

Plague

A
  • Pathogen: Yersinia pestis.
    • Signs and Symptoms:
    • Bubonic: Enlarged lymph buboes.
    • Pneumonic: Lung involvement via inhalation or bacterium spreading to the lungs.
    • Systemic: Circulates in blood, causing necrosis.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Zoonotic; transmitted via fleas or infected animals.
    • Complications: Untreated mortality: 50% (bubonic), 100% (pneumonic/systemic); treated mortality: 50%.
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11
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • Pathogen: Borrelia burgdorferi.
    • Signs and Symptoms:
    • Early localized: Bull’s-eye rash, headache.
    • Early-disseminated: Severe headache, facial paralysis, arthritis, carditis.
    • Late Stage: Chronic inflammation, severe arthritis, meningitis, encephalitis.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Zoonotic; vector = deer ticks. Spirochetes move through blood/lymph, evading the immune system via antigenic variation.
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12
Q

What are vegetations of endocarditis called when released unto the blood?

A

Emboli

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13
Q

Through which portal of entry is B. Burgodorgeri most virulent? Why?

A

Biting arthropods. Because it only takes 10 bites to infect

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14
Q

What 3 events have contributed to an increase in lyme disease in North America

A
  1. movement of human populations into woodland areas
  2. Protection of the deer population
  3. Coyotes have displaced the foxes that help control the mouse population
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15
Q

Difference between bubonic and Pneumonic Plague

A

Pneumonic can be transmitted person to person while bubonic can only be transmitted from flea to human

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16
Q

A swollen inflamed lymph node is known as a

A

bubo

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17
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A
  • Pathogen: Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4).
    • Signs and Symptoms: Sore throat, fever, fatigue, splenomegaly.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Transmitted via saliva. Causes immortal infected B-cells and suppresses apoptosis.
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18
Q

Yellow Fever

A
  • Pathogen: Flavivirus genus.
    • Signs and Symptoms:
    • Early: Slight fever, headache, muscle aches.
    • Severe: Jaundice, black vomit, hemorrhaging.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Transmitted via Aedes mosquitoes. Targets liver and causes rapid replication.
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19
Q

Dengue fever

A
  • Pathogen: Dengue viruses (1-4).
    • Signs and Symptoms:
    • Phase 1: Fever, severe pain (backbone fever).
    • Phase 2: Rash.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Reinfection causes dengue hemorrhagic fever due to hyperimmune response.
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20
Q

African Hemorrhagic Fever

A
  • Pathogen: Ebolavirus (90% fatal), Marburgvirus (25% fatal).
    • Signs and Symptoms: Severe hemorrhaging, bleeding from orifices, shock, seizures, kidney failure.
    • Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Contact with infected host’s fluids.
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21
Q

How does the age of the infected indivdual play a role in the development of Epstein-Barr virus(HHV-4) infections, such as infectious mononucleosis?

A

the symptoms create a “war” between Humoral divisions and immune system.
The younger a person is, the less mature their cellular immune system is, thus creating a win for humoral everytime

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22
Q

Def: Oral Hairy Leukopenia

A

occurs in those with severely depressed immunity, e.g., AIDS

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23
Q

Burkett’s lymphoma

A

suppressed immunity due to maleria(affects african boys)

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24
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

with mature immune system, this infection creates a very strong immune response

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25
Why is the renfection with the Dengue virus often life-threatening?
A hyperimmune response occurs, causing inflammation that ruptures blood vessels leading to internal bleeding, shock, then death
26
Malaria
* Pathogen: Plasmodium species (P. falciparum most severe). * Signs and Symptoms: Cyclical fever, chills, anemia, jaundice. * Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Vector = Anopheles mosquitoes. Severity depends on species.
27
Toxoplasmosis
* Pathogen: Toxoplasma gondii. * Signs and Symptoms: Asymptomatic in most. Immunocompromised: Fever, blindness, encephalitis. * Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Cats are the definitive host; humans acquire infection via contaminated food, water, or cat feces.
28
Chaga's disease
Pathogen: Trypanosoma cruzi. * Signs and Symptoms: Initial swelling, fever; chronic phase includes heart failure. * Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Transmitted via “kissing bug.” Parasites infect cardiac muscle and macrophages.
29
what are the 3 parts of a Plasmodium Life Cycle
part 1: Exoerythrocytic Phase part 2: Erythrocytic Cycle part 3: Sporogonic Phase
30
Who are most at risk for "Toxoplasmosis"
AIDS patients, mental retards. Affects women more than men
31
what is the origin/definitive host of "Taxoplasma gondii"
cat
32
TorF: the primary reservoirs for Trypansoma cruzi are opossums and armadillos, but other mammals including humans can be hots
true
33
Regarding Schistotosomaiasis def: Swimmers itch and Granulomas
Swimmers itch: a type of dermatitis at site of invasion of flukes of the genus "Schistosome" Granulomas: small areas of inflammation, seem to be a defensive mechanism, the body "walls off" foreign invaders such as bacteria or fungi to keep them from spreading
34
Schistotosomaiasis
Pathogen: parasitic blood fluke - Schistosome SandS: swimmers itch, infections of eggs in liver lungs brain kidneys Pathogenesis: larvae enter from fresh water then enters blood stream laying eggs in vessel walls
35
fill the blank: the enviroment of the CNS is considered to be _________
axenic
36
Def: Axenic
an enviroment with no normal microbiota
37
def: Encephalitis
infection of the brain
38
Meningitis
Infection of the meninges
39
Bacterial meningitis(5 pathogens: Never stop hating stupid librarys)
Pathogens: * Neisseria meningitidis: Gram-negative diplococcus with fimbriae, capsule, and endotoxin (causes vasodilation, inflammation, shock, clotting). * Streptococcus pneumoniae: Encapsulated Gram-positive streptococcus; binds tissues via phosphorylcholine. * Haemophilus influenzae: Gram-negative pleomorphic, obligate parasite of mucous membranes. * Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep): Normal vaginal flora, infects infants during birth. * Listeria monocytogenes: Gram-positive coccobacillus; tolerates cold; invades cells and replicates intracellularly. Signs and Symptoms: Stiff neck, petechial rash, sudden fever, headache. Pathogenesis/Epidemiology/Transmission: Spread from lungs, sinuses, inner ear, or trauma; capsules protect bacteria in CSF.
40
what is a non-blanching rash?
A rash that does NOT disappear when pressed
41
what is the Meningitis Glass test? how doe it work?
A way to tell if the rash is actaully do to meningitis You take a glass cover and press it on the skin, if it disappears its not meningitis, if it does not dissapear it is meningitis
42
true or false: only bacteria can cause meningitis
FALSE
43
What complications can affect newborns whose mother is infected with Group B streptococcus?
Cause bacteremia, pneumonia and meningitis in newborns
44
Whats a common name for Hansens disease
Leprosy
45
What are the 2 types of Leprosy(Hansens Disease) what are their T cell response levels
Tuberculoid Leprosy(Strong t cell response) and Lepromatous Leprosy(Weak t cell response)
46
Explain the symptoms of Tuberculoid and Lepromatous Leprosy
Tuberculoid: non progressive form and creates loss of sensations in regions of skin due to nerve damage Lepromatous: bacteria multiplies inn skin, mucous and nerve cells - Results in destroyed tissue creating loss of body features ex. Noses, fingers etc...
47
Intoxication vs Infection - give me the contrast and give me an example of botulism intoxication
Intoxication - the symptoms are due to the effect of a toxin produced by the pathogen ex. Foodborne botulism Infection - caused by the growth of the pathogen, not the actual toxin
48
define Botulism
a disease that affects motor synapes, which in turn prevents muscle movement(Flaccid Paralysis)
49
Name me the 3 types of Botulism: F.I.W
Foodborne, Infant, and wound Foodborne: Intoxication - slow recovery with dizziness and blurred vision, death due to paralysis of breathing muscles Infant: infection of GI tract - failure to thrive Wound: Infection in wounds - Same symptoms as foodborne
50
What is tetanus known as as and give signs and symptoms
aka 'Lockjaw'. Its symptoms include tightening of the jaw and neck. Slowly, the whole body gets tight to the point the diaphragm tightens and does not allow you to breathe
51
What are the KEY differences between Botulism and Tetanus? what toxin do they release
Botulism - Prevents the RELEASE of ACH to activate muscles, causing flaccid paralysis/Botulin toxin tetanus - blocks inhibitors that strong muscle contractions, causing muscles to always stay contracted/Tetanospasmin
52
Which toxin is used to smooth out muscles(flaccid paralysis)
Botulin toxin also known as "Botox"
53
Viral Meningitis
Viral Meningitis (Aseptic Meningitis) * Pathogen: Enteroviruses (Coxsackie A/B, echoviruses). * Signs and Symptoms: Fever, stiff neck, headache, confusion. * Pathogenesis: Fecal-oral transmission; viruses infect intestinal cells and spread to meninges.
54
Poliomyelitis
* Pathogen: Poliovirus. * Signs and Symptoms: * Asymptomatic (~90%). * Non-paralytic: Meningitis and CNS involvement (~2%). * Paralytic: Destroys motor neurons. * Pathogenesis: Ingested via contaminated water, infects CNS.
55
Rabies
* Pathogen: Rabies virus (Lyssavirus genus). * Signs and Symptoms: Pain, itching at infection site, fever, hallucinations, hydrophobia, paralysis, death. * Pathogenesis: Virus travels from muscles to CNS, causing degeneration, then spreads to salivary glands.
56
Arboviral Encephalitis
* Pathogen: Arboviruses (e.g., West Nile Virus). * Signs and Symptoms: Mild cold-like symptoms; encephalitis if BBB is crossed. * Pathogenesis: Zoonotic; transmitted by mosquitoes.
57
Which viral disease may be treated with a vaccine or immunoglobulin?
rabies
58
What does arbovirus stand for?
Arthropod-born virus
59
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Pathogen: Cryptococcus neoformans. Signs and Symptoms: Same as bacterial meningitis; vision loss and coma in late stages. Pathogenesis: Acquired via inhalation (soil, bird feces); infects lungs and brain.
60
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy
Pathogen: Naegleria fowleri. Signs and Symptoms: Rapidly worsening meningitis/encephalitis, leading to death. Pathogenesis: Enters via cuts or nasal passages; invades brain tissue.
61
African Trypanosomaiasis(Sleeping sickness)
Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei. Signs and Symptoms: Stage 1: Lesion with necrotic tissue. Stage 2: Fever, lymph node swelling. Stage 3: CNS invasion causing drowsiness, coma, death. Pathogenesis: Transmitted by tsetse fly; parasite evades immune response by antigenic variation.
62
Match disease: Yersinia
Bubonic Plague
63
Match disease: Epstein-Barr Virus
Lyme disease
64
Match disease: Trypanosoma
American trypanosomiasis
65
Match disease: Flavivirus
Yellow fever
66
Match disease: Borelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease
67
Match disease: Francisella
Tularemia
68
Match disease: Filovirus
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
69
Match disease: Plasmodium
Malaria
70
Match with disease: Streptococcus
Bacterial Endocarditis
71
Match symptom with disease: Bleeding from the eyes, mouth and nose
Ebola Hemmorrhagic fever
72
Match symptom with disease: Bulls eye rash
Lyme disease
73
Match symptom with disease: swimmers itch
Schistosomaiasis
74
Match symptom with disease: Black vomit
Yellow fever
75
Match symptom with disease: Bubo
Black Plague
76
In malaria which portion of the life cycle occurs in the mosquito?
Sporongonic phase

Microbiology 1073 (4 decks)

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