Chapter 12 part 1 and 2 digestive and reproductive diseases Flashcards
Most of the microbes composing the microbiom of the GI tracts are…
Bacteroides
Why is most of the digestive system like the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum almost free of microbes?
Because of Peristalsis and rapid transport of food help prevent microbial colonization
Which pathogen is most found in the region of the mouth and throat? which pathogen is most found in the region on the teeth?
- Viridians streptococci
- Streptococcus mutans
give the steps of production of dental caries: “She does percs everyday popping to sam-smith”
- sugars converted
- bentin invaded
- pellicle forms
- Enamel is destroyed
- Plaque forms
- tooth destroyed
- sugars converted to acid
Def: Dental pellicle
Protects the tooth from the acids produced by oral microorganisms after consuming carbohydrates
Def: Gingivitis
inflammation and infection of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth
Def: Proteases
Hard deposits of mineralized plaque
Def: Tartar
Rare form of periodontal disease
What is Bacterial Gastroenteritis
it is Inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by the presence of bacteria
Shigellosis
Pathogen: Shigella (four species).
Pathogenesis/Virulence Factors: Colonizes small and large intestines; Type III secretion systems; enterotoxins cause diarrhea.
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Pathogen: Escherichia coli (coliform).
Pathogenesis/Virulence Factors: Produces shiga-like toxins, inhibits protein synthesis, causes tissue death.
Complications: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (RBC destruction clogs kidneys).
Campylobacter
Pathogen: Campylobacter jejuni.
Pathogenesis/Virulence Factors: Invades jejunum, ileum, and colon; survives phagocytosis.
Complications: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (nerve damage and paralysis).
C. difficile Diarrhea
Pathogen: Clostridium difficile.
Signs/Symptoms: 5–10 foul-smelling watery stools/day.
Pathogenesis: Overgrowth after antibiotic use; toxins mediate pseudomembrane formation.
Complications: Pseudomembranous colitis, 10+ bloody stools/day, life-threatening inflammation.
Salmonellosis and Typhoid Fever
Pathogen: Salmonella enterica.
Pathogenesis/Virulence Factors: Tolerates stomach acidity, spreads to bloodstream.
Complications: Establishes semi-permanent infection in gallbladder; carrier state.
Cholera
Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae.
Signs/Symptoms: Profuse watery diarrhea (“rice-water stools”), dehydration, hypovolemic shock.
Pathogenesis/Virulence Factors: Cholera toxin causes severe fluid and electrolyte loss.
Peptic Ulcers
Pathogen: Helicobacter pylori.
Signs/Symptoms: Abdominal pain; erosion of stomach or duodenum lining.
Pathogenesis/Virulence Factors: Flagella enable burrowing; adhesins attach to gastric cells; urease neutralizes stomach acid.
Food poisoning(staphylococcal intoxication)
Pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus.
Signs/Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramping.
Pathogenesis/Virulence Factors: Heat-stable enterotoxins.
Mumps
Pathogen: Mumps virus (Rubulavirus).
Signs/Symptoms: Parotitis (swelling of salivary glands), face pain, fever, headache, sore throat.
Pathogenesis: Airborne transmission; humans are the only host.
Complications: Inflammation of testes (sterility), meningitis, pancreatitis, deafness (rare).
Viral Gastroenteritis
Pathogens: Norovirus (90%), astroviruses, rotaviruses.
Signs/Symptoms: Cramping, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.
Pathogenesis: Oral-fecal transmission; symptoms resolve in 12–60 hours.
Viral Hepatitis
Pathogens: HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV.
Signs/Symptoms: Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, weight loss.
Complications: Chronic hepatitis, liver failure, cirrhosis, liver cancer.
Most symptoms of Hepatitis are due to…
Cellular immune reactions against liver cells
fill the blank: one of the primary symptoms of hepatitis is ______________, a yellowing of the skin and eye
Jaundice
Which form of Hepatitis only spreads when co-infected with HBV?
HDV
which hepatitis form becomes a chronic infection
HBC, HCV, HDV
