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BYS (Principles) > Chapter 9 HW > Flashcards

Chapter 9 HW Flashcards

Study for Exam 3

1
Q

What are the inputs in glycolysis?

A

ADP, NAD+, glucose

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2
Q

What are the outputs in glycolysis?

A

ATP, NADH, pyruvate

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3
Q

What are neither inputs nor outputs in glycolysis?

A

O2, CO2, coenzyme A, and acetyl CoA

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4
Q

What are the inputs in acetyl CoA formation?

A

Coenzyme A, pyruvate, NAD+

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5
Q

What are the outputs in acetyl CoA formation?

A

Acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2

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6
Q

What are neither inputs nor outputs in acetyl CoA formation?

A

ATP, ADP, glucose, O2

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7
Q

What are the inputs in the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA, ADP, NAD+

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8
Q

What are the outputs in the citric acid cycle?

A

Coenzyme A, CO2, NADH, ATP

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9
Q

What are neither inputs nor outputs in the citric acid cycle?

A

O2, pyruvate, glucose

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10
Q

What are the inputs in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ADP, NADH, O2

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11
Q

What are the outputs in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Water, NAD+, ATP

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12
Q

What are neither inputs nor outputs in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Pyruvate, glucose, CO2, acetyl CoA, coenzyme A

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13
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the ____.

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

Acetyl CoA formation occurs in the ____.

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

The citric acid cycle occurs in the ____.

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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16
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ____.

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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17
Q

When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes ____. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor.

A

Oxidized

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18
Q

When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes
____. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.

A

Reduced

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19
Q

In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is ____.

A

Glucose

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20
Q

Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called ____.

A

Pyruvate

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21
Q

____ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis.

A

NAD+

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22
Q

The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is ____.

A

NADH

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23
Q

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?

A

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

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24
Q

True or false: A bond must be broken between an organic molecule and phosphate before ATP can form (in relation to some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis).

A

True

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25
Q

True or false: An enzyme is required in order for the reaction to occur (in relation to some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis).

A

True

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26
Q

True or false: One of the substrates is a molecule derived from the breakdown of glucose (in relation to some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis).

A

True

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27
Q

True or false: The enzymes involved in ATP synthesis must be attached to a membrane to produce ATP (in relation to some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis).

A

False

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28
Q

True or false: The phosphate group added to ADP to make ATP comes from free inorganic phosphate ions (in relation to some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis).

A

False

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29
Q

Note: Cannot insert the image here, so make sure to study “Carbon atoms in acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle.”

A

! ! !

30
Q

____ is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

A

O2 (molecular oxygen)

31
Q

____ is a prosthetic group present in several components of the electron transport chain.

A

Fe-S

32
Q

____ donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

A

NADH

33
Q

____ is a multi-protein complex within the electron transport chain.

A

Complex III

34
Q

____ is a nonprotein organic electron carrier within the electron transport chain.

A

Q (ubiquinone)

35
Q

FADH2, Fe-S of Complex II, O2, Fe-S of Complex III, Q, Cyt a of Complex IV, and Cyt c: Arrange these electron transport compounds from highest to lowest free energy.

A

FADH2 – Fe-S of Complex II – Q – Fe-S of Complex III – Cyt c – Cyt a of Complex IV – O2

36
Q

NADH, Fe-S of Complex I, O2, Fe-S of Complex III, Q, Cyt a of Complex IV, and Cyt c: Arrange these electron transport compounds from best electron donor to best electron acceptor.

A

NADH – Fe-S of Complex I – Q – Fe-S of Complex III – Cyt c– Cyt a of Complex IV – O2

37
Q

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

  1. To function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
  2. To provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
    
  3. To provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient.
  4. To oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle.
A
  1. To function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
38
Q

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

39
Q

Why is more ATP made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?

A

Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.

40
Q

Suppose that a cell’s demand for ATP suddenly exceeds its supply of ATP from cellular respiration.

Which statement correctly describes how this increased demand would lead to an increased rate of ATP production?

  1. ATP levels would fall at first, increasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production.
  2. ATP levels would rise at first, increasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production.
  3. ATP levels would fall at first, decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production.
  4. ATP levels would rise at first, decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production.
A
  1. ATP levels would fall at first, decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production.
41
Q

Which of the following statements best summarizes ATP use and production in the catabolism of each glucose molecule in glycolysis?

  1. 4 molecules of ATP are used, and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
  2. 2 molecules of ATP are used, and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
  3. 2 molecules of ATP are used, and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
  4. 4 molecules of ATP are used, and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
A
  1. 2 molecules of ATP are used, and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
42
Q

True or false: The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.

A

True

43
Q

True or false: The citric acid cycle depends on the availability of NAD+, which is a product of glycolysis.

A

False

44
Q

True or false: The citric acid cycle oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide.

A

False

45
Q

True or false: The citric acid cycle produces most of the ATP that is subsequently used by the electron transport chain.

A

False

46
Q

The oxidation of compounds by the citric acid cycle requires molecular oxygen.

A

False

47
Q

True or false: Glycolysis produces 30 ATP from each molecule of glucose.

A

False

48
Q

True or false: Glycolysis represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.

A

True

49
Q

True or false: glycolysis requires ATP and NADH.

A

False

50
Q

True or false: Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

A

False

51
Q

True or false: Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate and carbon dioxide.

A

False

52
Q

What products result from the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A

NADH and CO2

53
Q

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

A

To function as the final electron acceptor.

54
Q

How would anaerobic conditions affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

55
Q

When the protein gramicidin is integrated into a membrane, an H+ channel forms and the membrane becomes very permeable to protons (H+ ions). If gramicidin is added to an actively respiring muscle cell, how would it affect the various processes involved in cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation?

The electron transport rate would ____.
The rate of ATP synthesis would ____.
The size of the protein gradient would ____.
The rate oxygen uptake would ____.

A

The electron transport rate would remain the same.

The rate of ATP synthesis would decrease (or go to zero).

The size of the protein gradient would decrease (or go to zero).

The rate oxygen uptake would remain the same.

56
Q

The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration ultimately end up in which compound?

A

Water

57
Q

Considering the role of coenzyme Q, how do you think this product might function to benefit the heart?

A

CoQ is necessary for cellular respiration and energy production, and thus it can improve the heart work providing this organ with energy. As a result, CoQ as a nutritional supplement may contribute to a more stable heartbeat.

58
Q

Is CoQ used as a “fuel” during cellular respiration?

A

No, CoQ is a member of the electron transport chain and thus it cannot be metabolized as an energy molecule.

59
Q

Which of the following molecules is the lowest-energy donor of electrons to the electron transport chain?

  1. ATP
  2. FADH2
  3. NADH
  4. Water
A
  1. FADH2
60
Q

When a cell is deprived of oxygen, which of the following processes will be inhibited first?

  1. The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
  2. Glycolysis
  3. The citric acid cycle
  4. The electron transport chain
A

The electron transport chain

61
Q

True or false: Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis requires oxygen.

A

False

62
Q

True or false: The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP occurs only in eukaryotic cells, because it occurs in mitochondria.

A

False

63
Q

True or false: Oxygen participates directly in the reaction that makes ATP from ADP and P.

A

False

64
Q

True or false: The energy for production of ATP from ADP comes directly from a gradient of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

False

65
Q

True or false: The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.

A

True

66
Q

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the net production of which set of molecules?

A

ATP, CO2, and ethanol

67
Q

New biosensors, applied like a temporary tattoo to the skin, can alert endurance athletes that they are about to “hit the wall” and will find it difficult to continue exercising. These biosensors monitor lactate present in sweat during strenuous exercise. Which of the statements below best explains the use of lactate as an indicator of exercise capacity?

  1. During anaerobic respiration, muscle cells receive too little oxygen and begin to convert lactate to pyruvate (pyruvic acid), thus athletes experience cramping and fatigue.
  2. During anaerobic respiration, lactate levels increase when muscles cells need more energy; however, muscles cells eventually fatigue, thus athletes should modify their activities to increase aerobic respiration.
  3. During aerobic respiration, muscle cells cannot produce enough lactate to fuel muscle cell contractions, and muscles begin to cramp, thus athletic performance suffers.
  4. During aerobic respiration, muscles cells produce too much lactate, which causes a rise in the pH of the muscle cells, thus athletes must consume increased amounts of sports drinks, high in electrolytes, to buffer the pH.
A
  1. During anaerobic respiration, lactate levels increase when muscles cells need more energy; however, muscles cells eventually fatigue, thus athletes should modify their activities to increase aerobic respiration.
68
Q

High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location than the active site. This is an example of ____.

A

Allosteric regulation

69
Q

Catabolism of fatty acids produces two-carbon molecules that are converted to acetyl CoA. The acetyl CoA molecules will most likely be metabolized in aerobic cellular respiration by which of the following mechanisms?

  1. Directly entering the citric acid cycle.
  2. Being converted to pyruvate and then undergo pyruvate oxidation upon transport into mitochondria.
  3. Directly entering the electron transport chain.
  4. Directly entering the energy-yielding phase of glycolysis.
A
  1. Directly entering the citric acid cycle.
70
Q

Under which conditions will plant cell mitochondria actively oxidize pyruvate and carry out oxidative phosphorylation?

  1. Only in cells that store glucose in the form of starch and only in the dark.
  2. Only in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently.
  3. In photosynthesizing cells in the light, and in other cells in the dark.
  4. In all cells, with or without light.
A
  1. In all cells, with or without light.
71
Q

The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes a key step in glycolysis. About 10% of Springer spaniels suffer from canine PFK deficiency. Dogs affected with this disorder most likely display what symptoms?

A

They are lethargic and readily tire from exercise.

BYS (Principles) (12 decks)

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