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BYS (Principles) > Chapter 5 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Vocabulary Flashcards

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

1
Q

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.

A

Saturated fatty acid

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2
Q

Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

A

Organelle

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3
Q

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide

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4
Q

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.

A

Phospholipid

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5
Q

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

A

Disulfide bridge

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6
Q

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

A

Carbohydrate

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7
Q

The sugar component of DNA nucleotide, having one fewer hydroxyl group then ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

A

Deoxyribose

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8
Q

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called a triacylglycerol or a triglyceride.

A

Fatty acid

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9
Q

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

A

Glycosidic linkage

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10
Q

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5’ (R) 3’ directions).

A

Antiparallel

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11
Q

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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12
Q

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages.

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.

A

Disaccharide

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14
Q

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.

A

Transcription factor

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15
Q

An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.

A

trans fat

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16
Q

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

A

Double helix

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17
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

A

Polymer

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18
Q

A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.

A

Hydrophobic interaction

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19
Q

The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.

A

Quaternary structure

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20
Q

A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).

A

Alpha helix

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21
Q

The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.

A

Primary structure

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22
Q

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

A

Steroid

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23
Q

A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.

A

X-ray crystallography

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24
Q

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature.

A

Denaturation

25
Q

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.

A

Lipid

26
Q

The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.

A

Tertiary structure

27
Q

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.

A

Sickle-cell disease

28
Q

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.

A

Cholesterol

29
Q

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.

A

Purine

30
Q

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

A

Peptide bond

31
Q

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions.

A

Proteomics

32
Q

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

A

Glycogen

33
Q

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.

A

Polysaccharide

34
Q

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.

A

Monosaccharide

35
Q

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most are proteins.

A

Enzyme

36
Q

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups.

A

Nucleotide

37
Q

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

A

Protein

38
Q

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

A

Gene expression

39
Q

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A

Catalyst

40
Q

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).

A

Beta plated sheet

41
Q

The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

A

Bioinformatics

42
Q

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.

A

Polynucleotide

43
Q

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

A

Dehydration reaction

44
Q

The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species.

A

Genomics

45
Q

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.

A

Starch

47
Q

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.

A

Pyrimidine

48
Q

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.

A

Fat

49
Q

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

A

Chitin

50
Q

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

51
Q

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

A

Monomer

52
Q

The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

A

Ribose

53
Q

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

A

Animo acid

54
Q

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with these cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals), are called eukaryotes.

A

Eukaryotic cell

55
Q

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

A

Gene

56
Q

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).

A

Secondary structure

57
Q

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleic acid

58
Q

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

59
Q

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.

A

Macromolecule

BYS (Principles) (12 decks)

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