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BYS (Principles) > Chapter 8 HW > Flashcards

Chapter 8 HW Flashcards

1
Q

Energy is observed in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. Which of the following correctly matches these forms with a source of energy?

-kinetic energy with the energy associated with a gradient of ions across a membrane

-potential energy with the covalent bonds of a sugar molecule

-potential energy with the heat released from a living organism

-potential energy with the motion of individual molecules

-kinetic energy with the energy related to the height of a bird above the ground

A

Potential energy with the covalent bonds of a sugar molecule

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2
Q

Which of the following statements best describes metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

-Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food.

-Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism.

-Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.

-Metabolism uses all of an organism’s resources.

A

Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.

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3
Q

Which of the following terms most precisely identifies the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

-dehydration
-anabolism (anabolic pathways)
-catabolism (catabolic pathways)
-metabolism

A

Catabolism (catabolic pathways)

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4
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the first law of thermodynamics?

-The entropy of the universe is decreasing.
-Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
-Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.
-The entropy of the universe is constant.

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

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5
Q

Which of the following statements is the reason that most cells cannot harness heat to perform work?

-temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell
-heat is not a form of energy
-heat must remain constant during work
-heat can never be used to do work

A

Temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell

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6
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of anabolic pathways?

-They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.

-They decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment.

-They are usually spontaneous chemical reactions.

-They release energy by degrading polymers to monomers.

A

They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics?

-Without an input of energy, the entropy of an organism would tend to decrease over time.

-A gain of free energy in a system is never associated with conversion of energy from one form to another.

-A constant input of energy is required to maintain the high level of organization associated with living cells.

-Every energy transformation performed by an organism decreases the entropy of the universe.

A

A constant input of energy is required to maintain the high level of organization associated with living cells.

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8
Q

Select the correct statement about chemical energy, a term used by biologists to refer to potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

-Light energy is converted to chemical energy during photosynthesis.

-A photosynthetic cell within a plant leaf produces chemical energy, stored within glucose molecules.

-When a glucose molecule is catabolized to CO2 and H2O, chemical energy is lost.

A

Light energy is converted to chemical energy during photosynthesis.

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9
Q

A decrease in entropy is associated with which of the following types of reaction?

-depolymerization
-catabolic
-dehydration
-hydrolysis

A

Dehydration

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10
Q

Which of the following examples describes a type of potential rather than kinetic energy?

-water rushing out of Hoover Dam
-heat released by a campfire
-a sucrose molecule
-flashes of light emitted by a firefly

A

A sucrose molecule

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11
Q

Prefix “sub-“ means:

A

Under, below

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12
Q

Prefix “extra-“ means:

A

Outside of

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13
Q

Prefix “kin- (or kinet-)” means:

A

Moving

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14
Q

Prefix “allo-“ means:

A

Other

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15
Q

Prefix “-trop-“ means:

A

Change, turn, move

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16
Q

Prefix “therm-“ means:

A

Heat

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17
Q

Prefix “glyc-“ means:

A

Sweet

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18
Q

Prefix “lac- (or lact-)” means:

A

Milk

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19
Q

Prefix “trans-“ means:

A

Across

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20
Q

Prefix “-ase” means:

A

Enzyme

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21
Q

An enzyme is ____ when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity.

A

Denatured

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22
Q

An enzyme is considered a ____ because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up.

A

Catalyst

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23
Q

An enzyme is considered ____ because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule.

A

Specific

24
Q

A ____, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.

A

Cofactor

25
Q

When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate form an enzyme-substrate (ES) ____.

A

Complex

26
Q

A substrate binds to an enzyme at the ____, where the reaction occurs.

A

Active site

27
Q

In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a ____.

A

Substrate

28
Q

A(n) ____ inhibitor has a structure that is so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enzyme just like the substrate.

A

Competitive

29
Q

A(n) ____ inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site.

A

Noncompetitive

30
Q

Usually, a(n) ____ inhibitor forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity.

A

Irreversible

31
Q

The competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the ____ on the enzyme.

A

Active site

32
Q

When the noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, the shape of the ____ is distorted.

A

Enzyme

33
Q

Enzyme inhibitors disrupt normal interactions between an enzyme and its ____.

A

Substrate

34
Q

____ compete physically and structurally with the substrate for an enzyme’s active site.

A

Competitive inhibitors

35
Q

Competitive inhibitors can be outcompeted by adding an ____.

A

Extra substrate

36
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete for the active site, but inhibit the enzyme by binding elsewhere and changing the ____ shape.

A

Enzyme’s

37
Q

Irreversible inhibitors bind directly to the ____ by ____, which change the structure of the enzyme and inactivate it permanently.

A

Active site; covalent bonds

38
Q

Most medications are ____ inhibitors of one kind or another.

A

Enzyme

39
Q

You have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely.
What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme?

A

The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity.

40
Q

You have an enzymatic reaction proceeding at the optimum pH and optimum temperature. You add a competitive inhibitor to the reaction and notice that the reaction slows down.
What can you do to speed the reaction up again?

A

Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.

41
Q

Consider a situation in which the enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and has been saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?

-Increase the pH
-Increase the temperature.
-Increase the enzyme concentration.
-Increase the substrate concentration.

A

Increase the enzyme concentration.

42
Q

Which of the following statements about equilibrium of chemical reactions is correct?

-Reactions can only go in the direction toward equilibrium.
-Most reactions in a living cell are close to equilibrium.
-The equilibrium point is where the system has the highest free energy
-The equilibrium point of a reaction represents the least stable configuration for that reaction.
-A reaction that is at equilibrium is not capable of doing any work.

A

A reaction that is at equilibrium is not capable of doing any work. (The ΔG for a reaction at equilibrium is zero, which means that there is no free energy available to do any work.)

43
Q

Which of the following statements about the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O) is correct?

-The entropy of the universe decreases as the result of this reaction.
-This is the process of cellular respiration, an anabolic pathway that releases free energy.
-The entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants.
-The reverse reaction, making glucose from water and carbon dioxide, must be an exergonic reaction.
-The free energy lost in this combustion is less than the energy that appears as heat.

A

The entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants.
(A large molecule (glucose) has been converted into several smaller molecules (water and carbon dioxide); thus, the products have more disorder (greater entropy) than the reactants.)

44
Q

The structure of ATP is ____, consisting of a ____, a ____, and three ____.

A

nucleoside triphosphate; nitrogenous base (adenine); ribose sugar; serially bonded phosphate groups.

45
Q

What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

A(n) ____ reaction occurs spontaneously.

A

Exergonic

47
Q

What type of reaction requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?

A

Endergonic

48
Q

In ____ reactions the products have less potential energy than the reactants.

A

Exergonic

49
Q

The products of ____ reactions have more potential energy than the reactants.

A

Endergonic

50
Q

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?

A

ATP

51
Q

The ____ of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction.

A

Hydrolysis

52
Q

The reaction ADP + P –> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.

-exergonic
-chemical
-spontaneous
-endergonic
-hydrolysis

A

Endergonic (energy has been acquired from the surroundings).

53
Q

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) ____ reaction.

A

Exergonic
(The energy released by an exergonic reaction can be used to drive an endergonic reaction.)

54
Q

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?

-It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.
-It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms.
-It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction.
-It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP.
-It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction.

A

It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.
(By acquiring the phosphate group the reactant acquires energy.)

55
Q

Select the INCORRECT association.

-kinetic energy … motion
-exergonic … spontaneous
-enzyme … protein
-exergonic … uphill
-potential energy … positional energy

A

Exergonic … uphill

56
Q

What is energy coupling?

-the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
-the use of an enzyme to reduce EA -a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction
-a barrier to the initiation of a reaction
-the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P

A

The use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

BYS (Principles) (12 decks)

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