Chapter 9: Human Development Flashcards
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature: DNA, hormones, biological factor
Nurture: produced by exposure and experience
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model - Levels
1) Core: child factors - individual traits
2) Micro: individuals with regular, direct influences on children (mom/dad)
3) Meso: direct interaction with individuals within the microsystem (mom and dad, friend and friend)
4) Exosystem: indirect individuals on a child (classroom, sports teams)
6) chrono: major life events (divorces, natural disaster)
Psychosexual Theory
all about pleasure and satisfaction; oral, anal, phallic, genital
Morality
Lawrence Kohlberg, about what is right and wrong.
Heinz Dilemma: obedience, self-interest, and conformity
Physical Development Patterns
Cephalocaudal: head to toes growth
Proximodistal: close to further growth
Differentiation: simple to complex growth
Cognition Theorist
Jean Piaget and the sensorimotor stages (exploring, imitating, object permanence)
Attachment Theorist
Mary Ainsworth; all about emotional bonds within the microsystem
Psychosocial Theorist
Erik Erikson and his unconscious conflict model: we must always attack these inner conflicts, neglect leads to issues such as addictions and mental health problems
Prenatal Development Stages
- Zygote - for 2 weeks; sperm and egg
- Embryo - for 2.5 months; looks like baby
- Fetus - for 6 months; looks like a human
Teratogens
diseases, drugs, and toxic chemicals that harm an embryo and fetus ONLY
Infancy Stage - Physical
physical development - normal curve and standard deviation; 68% of babies are born within 1.25lbs of 7.5lbs
Infancy Stage - Reflexes
reflexes - Babinski (stroking of the foot makes their toes spread out), Moro (arches back), Palmar (instinctually grabs your finger), Rooting (a touch of the cheek turns their head), Sucking (tongue creates a vacuum seal to eat)
Infancy Stage - Motor
1 month - lifting of the head
2 months - lifting the chest
3 months - reaches
4 months - can sit up with back support
5 months - holds objects
6 months - can sit by themselves
7-9 months - general locomotion
8-11 months - standing with help
12 months - walking
2+ years - complex locomotion
Infancy Stage - Psychosexual
oral stage - first 2 years of life, pleasure/comfort of pacifiers/bottles
anal stage - 2-3 years, control and shame of potty training etc
Infancy Stage - Psychosocial
trust vs. mistrust - 0-1 years (do you trust those around you or do you feel timid)
autonomy vs. doubt - 2-3 years (are you independent and adventurous or timid)
Infancy Attachment Types
secure - upset then comfort
avoidant - indifferent
disorganized - a mix of any type
Childhood Stage - Morality stages
- want to avoid punishments
- want to get rewarded
Childhood Stage - Psychosexual
phallic stage - 3-7 years old, consisting of comparisons, oedipus and electra complexes
Childhood Stage - Psychosocial
initiative vs. guilt (leader or follower) - ages 3-6
Late Childhood - Morality
conventional (i want to conform and follow the rules of others)
Late Childhood - Psychosocial
industriousness vs. inferiority (are you high achieving or less confident)
Late Childhood - Cognition
concrete operational stage, logical and mathematical problems
Adolescence - Physical
puberty (growth spurts, menarche/semenarche, secondary sex characteristics)
Adolescence - Psychosexual
genital stage - a sense of sexuality
Adolescence - Psychosocial
identity vs. confusion
Adolescence - Cognition
formal operational (abstract/hypothetical/ deductive thought) and adolescent egocentrism (imaginary audience, invincibility, importance)
Emerging Adulthood - Morality
post-conventional stages and more mature moral compass develops
Emerging Adulthood - Cognition
brain development is at peak intellectual capacity
Emerging Adulthood - Psychosocial
intimacy vs. isolation
romantic relationships and feelings of jealousy, fear of commitment, trust, security
Middle Adulthood - Psychosocial
generativity vs. stagnation (worthiness of work and career choices)
Middle Adulthood - Attachment
parents act as either secure, brick-wall parents, or jellyfish parents
also face marriage and divorce
Elderhood - Psychosocial
integrity vs. despair - on your deathbed, you consider whether your life was meaningful and fulfilling
