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biology > chapter 9 glossary > Flashcards

chapter 9 glossary Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene pool

A

the complete set of alleles present within a particular population

all alleles at all loci in a particular population (a particular habitat)

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2
Q

Gene

A

a selection of DNA that carries the code to make protein

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3
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same location `

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4
Q

Allele frequency

A

the proportion of certain alleles in gene pool

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5
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that are the result of the gene expression and the environment

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7
Q

Genetic diversity

A

the variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population

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8
Q

Mutation

A

a change to a DNA sequence

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9
Q

Mutagen

A

an agent that can cause mutations in DNA

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10
Q

Deleterious mutation

A

a change in DNA that negatively effects an individual

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11
Q

Germline

A

a cell involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

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12
Q

Somatic cell

A

any cell in an organism that is not a germline cell

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13
Q

Point mutation

A

a mutation that alters a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence

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14
Q

Block mutation

A

a mutation that effects a large chunk of DNA, or an entire gene

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15
Q

Silent mutation

A

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon, but still coding for the same amino acid. therefore there is no effect of the protein structure

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16
Q

Missense mutation

A

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon and coding for a different amino acid. therefore, there can potentially be an effect on protein structure

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17
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon to a stop codon, prematurely ceasing translation of the gene’s mRNA therefore, there is an effect on protein structure

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18
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides, altering every codon from that point forward

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19
Q

Degenerate

A

a property of the genetic code which means that a

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20
Q

Reading frame

A

the order in which nucleotide triplets or codons are divided into a consecutive, non-overlapping sequence

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21
Q

Environmental selection pressure

A

a factor in the environment that impacts an organisms ability to survive and reproduce

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22
Q

Competition

A

interactions between organisms in which both are negatively impacted when vying for the same limited resource. can exist within or between species

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23
Q

Natural selection

A

a mechanism through which organisms are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles

24
Q

Biological fitness

A

the specimen’s ability to reproduce and generate viable offspring. Essentially, the fitness of the individual is based on its ability to pass genetic information on to the next generation, as opposed to any physical characteristic or trait.

25
Q

Selective advantage

A

an organism conferred a beneficial allele, which increases its chances of survival against a specific environmental selection pressure

26
Q

Evolution

A

the change in the genetic makeup of a population over successive generations

27
Q

Genetic Drift

A

a dramatic event that dramatically alters a population’s gene pool
chance events that create an unpredictable change in alleles frequencies from generation to generation in small populations
- bottleneck effect
- founder effect

28
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

the reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a large proportion of the population is removed due to a chance event

the size of a population id severely reduced (ie.flood famine) and the few survivors are, by chance, unrepresentative of the original population, dramatically changing the allele frequencies and limiting the genetic diversity.

29
Q

Founder effect

A

the reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a population in derived from a small unrepresentative sample sample of the original population.

rare alleles occur in high frequency in population isolated from the general population as a result of a small sample of founding individuals who were, by chance, not represented in the original population.

30
Q

Unrepresentative sample

A

a small selection of individuals from a larger group that does not reflect the characteristics of the larger group

31
Q

Inbreeding

A

sexual reproduction of two related individuals

32
Q

Adaptive potential

A

the ability fir a population to adjust to new environmental selection pressures

33
Q

Interbreeding

A

when two individuals living in different populations mate and have offspring

34
Q

Immigration

A

the movement into a population

35
Q

Emigration

A

the movement of a population

36
Q

Gene flow

A

the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration or interbreeding individuals between two populations

37
Q

Species

A

a group of individuals who are able to breed with each other and produce viable fertile offspring

38
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

the geographic separation of a population from a parent population resulting in the formation of a new species

39
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

the divergence of a species from an original species without the presence of a geographical barrier

40
Q

Viable

A

able to survive

41
Q

Fertile

A

the ability to produce an offspring

42
Q

Geographical barrier

A

a physical factor that prevents gene flow, and thereby stops two population

43
Q

Polyploidy

A

when an organism contains additional sets of chromosomes in its genome

44
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Having missing or extra chromosomes

45
Q

Selective breeding

A

the changing of a populations gene pool due to humans altering breeding behaviour of animals and plants to develop a selected trait , also known as artificial selection

46
Q

Artificial selection

A

selective breeding , the changing of a population’s gene pool due to humans humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals and plants to develop a selected trait

47
Q

Antimicrobial agent

A

an agent that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms. includes antiseptics, disinfectants, disinfectants, antifungals, antivirals, and antibacterials

48
Q

Antimicrobial resistance

A

the ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent

49
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

the process in which bacteria exchange genetic material by direct cell-cell contact

50
Q

Virulence

A

the potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm

51
Q

Antigenic drift

A

small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

52
Q

Antigenic shift

A

sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens.

53
Q

Viral recombination

A

the combination of surface antigens from two or more different strains of a virus to form a completely new virus subtype

54
Q

Epidemic

A

a dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time

55
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents

biology (3 decks)

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