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biology > AOS 4 unit 1 - pathogens glossary > Flashcards

AOS 4 unit 1 - pathogens glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogens

A

an agent that causes disease

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2
Q

antigen

A

any molecule that may trigger an immune response

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3
Q

non-self antigen

A

a molecule from outside the body that is recognised by the immune system and initiates awn immune response - foreign antigen

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4
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins

A

a group of proteins present on the surface of all the cells that enables the immune system to distinguish it as non self material

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5
Q

auto immune disease

A

a disease in which an individual’s immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells

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6
Q

allergen

A

a non-pathogenic antigen that triggers an allergic reaction

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7
Q

allergic reaction

A

an overreaction of the immune system to a non- pathogenic antigen

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8
Q

cellular pathogen

A

a pathogen that has a cellular structure and exhibits the processes of a living organism. Examples include

  • bacteria,
  • fungi,
  • protozoa,
  • parasites
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9
Q

non-cellular pathogen

A

a pathogen that neither has a cellular structure nor exhibits the processes of a living organism. Examples include viruses and prions

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10
Q

lysis

A

the disintegration or rupturing of a cell

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11
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryotes that can infect almost any part of the body. Bacteria can cause disease through the production of toxins and enzymes which either affect the functioning of cells or cause their death.

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12
Q

fungi

A

Eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts and moulds and contain long, branching filaments called hyphae.

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13
Q

worms

A

Multicellular invertebrate parasites whose development include egg, larval, and adult stages. Can vary in length, with the longest worms being over 55 m in length.

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14
Q

protozoa

A

Single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Protozoa have many different mechanisms of action – for example, some can inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and various stages of cellular respiration.

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15
Q

viruses

A

An infectious agent composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat (capsid). In some instances the protein coat is surrounded by a lipid envelope. Viruses are not able to independently reproduce, instead they insert their genetic material into a host’s cell and use the cell to replicate.
Viruses can cause disease through the lysis of cells during viral replication, the formation of cancer by affecting gene expression, and the over-stimulation of the immune system leading to organ damage.

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16
Q

prions

A

Abnormally folded proteins that have the ability to induce normal proteins nearby
to become misfolded. They only occur in mammals and affect only the brain and other neural structures. They are currently the only known infectious agents that don’t contain nucleic acids.

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17
Q

Agglutination

A

the clumping of particles together. in the immune system, antibodies can help clump pathogens together

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18
Q

antibody

A

a protein produced by plasma cells during the adaptive immune response that is specific to an antigen and combats pathogens in a variety of ways (immunoglobulin)

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19
Q

antigen-antibody complex

A

a structure formed by the complimentary binding between antigen and antibody molecules

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20
Q

b- lymphocytes

A

a type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in humeral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells and B memory cells

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21
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

an adaptive immune response in which infected or abnormal cells are destroyed by cytotoxic T cells, also known as t cell immunity

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22
Q

Clonal expansion

A

the process in which many copies of a lymphocyte are generated

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23
Q

Clonal selection

A

the process in which B and T cells encounter an antigen that matches their antigen-binding site, then generate many copies of themselves

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24
Q

Chemical barrier

A

a component of the first line if defence that features the use of enzymes, toxins and acids to protect against pathogen invasion

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25
Q

Complement protein

A

a number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise

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26
Q

Complement protein

A

a number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens

27
Q

Cuticle

A

a waxy protective film covering the surface of a plant leaf

28
Q

cytokine

A

a signalling molecule released by cells (typically in the immune system) which aids in communication between immune cells and helps protect against pathogens

29
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (Tc Cell)

A

a differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible fir the destruction of infected or abnormal cells

30
Q

Dendritic cell

A

a type of leukocyte that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

31
Q

Degranulation

A

the release of granule contents from a cell

32
Q

Eosinophil

A

a large granular leukocyte responsible for the release of toxic chemical mediators

33
Q

Gall

A

an abnormal outgrowth of tissue in plants designed to limit the spread of an invading pathogen

34
Q

Histamine

A

a molecule released bye mast cells that plays a key role in inflammation

35
Q

Humoral immunity

A

an adaptive immune response in which extracellular pathogens are targeted by specific antibodies produced by plasma cells. also know as B cell immunity

36
Q

Inflammation

A

a series of biochemical events that occur in the body against pathogens and foreign material. also known as white blood cells

37
Q

Innate immune response

A

a component of the immune system that is composed of generalised and non-specific defences and/or responses to pathogens also known as non-specific

38
Q

Interferon

A

a cytokine release by virally infected cells that increase the viral resistance of neighbouring uninfected cells

39
Q

Leukocyte

A

a group of blood cells responsible for protecting the body against pathogens and foreign material. also known as white blood cells

40
Q

Lymph node

A

a small secondary lymphoid tissue found throughout the body where antigen presenting cells activate the adaptive immune response

41
Q

Lymphatic system

A

a large network of of vessels and tissues throughout the body that form an important component of both the circulatory and immune system

42
Q

Macrophage

A

a type of leukocyte found throughout the body that engages in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

43
Q

Mast cell

A

a type of leukocyte responsible for releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory responses

44
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

a pore formed by compliment proteins in the cell membrane of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen destruction

45
Q

Microbiological barrier

A

a component of the first line of defence in which the presence of normal flora limits the growth of pathogenic bacteria

46
Q

Natural Killer cell

A

a type of leukocyte responsible for the recognition and destruction of damaged and/or infected host cells

47
Q

Neutrophil

A

the most common type of leukocyte in the body. engages in phagocytosis of pathogens and foreign material as well as the release of cytokines

48
Q

opsonisation

A

the mechanism by which compliment proteins attach to the surface of pathogens making them easier to phagocytose

49
Q

Plasma cell

A

a differentiated B lymphocyte that is responsible for the generation and secretion of antibodies during the humeral response

50
Q

Phagocyte

A

a group of leukocytes responsible for the endocytosis, of pathogens, foreign materials and cell debries

51
Q

Physical barrier

A

a component of the first line of defence that features that features solid or fluid obstacles that block pathogen entry such as skin or mucus

52
Q

Primary lymphoid tissue

A

components of the lymphatic system that are responsible for the production and maturation of the of lymphocytes. includes bone marrow and the thymus

53
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue

A

components of the lymphatic system that are responsible for the maintenance of mature lymphocytes and the activation of the adaptive immune response. includes lymph nodes and spleen.

54
Q

T Lymphocyte

A

a type of lymphocyte that plays and important role in cell-mediated immunity. it differentiates into cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells and T memory cells

55
Q

T memory lymphocyte (tm cell)

A

a differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible for providing long-lasting immunological memory

56
Q

adaptive immune system

A
57
Q

antigen presenting cell APC

A

.

58
Q

Helper T lymphocyte (Th cell)

A

a differentiated T lymphocyte that supports the functioning of a number of different immune cells, including the cloning and differentiation of selected T and B cells

59
Q

immunoglobulin

A

an antibody

60
Q

lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that is apart of the immune system

61
Q

MHC class I

A

expressed on all enucleated cells in th body. these mark cells as ‘self’ so that the immune system doesn’t attack them

62
Q

MHC class II

A

expressed on antigen presenting cells, which interact with T helper cells in the process of antigen-presentation

63
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

a differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible for the destruction of infected or abnormal cells

64
Q

microbiological barrier

A

a component if the first line of defence in which the presence of normal flora limits the growth of pathogenic bacteria s

biology (3 decks)

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