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Pathophysiology Summer 2019 > Chapter 9:GI Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 9:GI Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrointestinal System functions?

A

Consumes, digests, and eliminates food

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2
Q

Upper Division of Gastrointestinal System

A

oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, and

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3
Q

Lower Division of Gastrointestinal System

A

small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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4
Q

Hepatobiliary System of Gastrointestinal System

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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5
Q

The wall of the GI tract has four layers

A

mucosa (innermost), submucosa, muscle, and serosa

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6
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer

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7
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer

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8
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

space between the two layers

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9
Q

Mesentery

A

containing blood vessels and nerves that supplies the intestinal wall

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10
Q

Lower GI Tract

A

Absorbs nutrients and water

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11
Q

Hepatobiliary System: Liver

A

One of the body’s few organs that can regenerate

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12
Q

Main functions of Liver

A

Metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats, Store glucose, fats, and micronutrients and release when needed, Detoxify blood of potentially harmful chemicals, Produce bile

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13
Q

Hepatobiliary System: Gallbladder

A

Stores bile produced by the liver

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14
Q

Hepatobiliary System: Pancreas

A

Exocrine functions and Endocrine function

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15
Q

Exocrine functions

A

produces enzymes, electrolytes, and water necessary for digestion

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16
Q

Endocrine function

A

produces hormones to help regulate blood glucose

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17
Q

Understanding Gastrointestinal Conditions

A
  1. Altered nutrition (underweight and vitamin deficient)

2. Impaired elimination (constipation and diarrhea)

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18
Q

Cleft Lip and Palate

A

Common congenital defects and are multifactoral, affect the one’s appearance and may lead to problems with feeding, speech, ear infections, and hearing problems

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19
Q

Cleft Lip

A

failure of the maxillary processes and nasal elevations or upper lip to fuse during development

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20
Q

Cleft Palate

A

from failure of the hard and soft palate to fuse in development

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21
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter muscle fibers become thick and stiff, making it difficult for the stomach to empty food into the small intestines

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22
Q

Pyloric Stenosis Manifestations

A

projectile vomiting

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23
Q

Pyloric Stenosis Cause

A

unknown, but genetics

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24
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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25
Q

Dysphagia Causes

A

congenital, esophageal stenosis, and tumors

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26
Q

Dysphagia Manifestations

A

: a sensation of food being stuck in the throat, choking, “pocketing” food in the cheeks

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27
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, Bile can also back up into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa

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28
Q

GERD causes

A

certain food, alcohol consumption, smoking

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29
Q

GERD Manifestations

A

heartburn, epigastric pain, regurgitation of food

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30
Q

GERD often confused with?

A

angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease

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31
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining

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32
Q

Acute gastritis

A

transient irritation

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33
Q

Chronic gastritis

A

Develops gradually, epigastric pain

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34
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

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35
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Most common cause of chronic gastritis, Erode the stomach’s protective mucosal barrier, Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors

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36
Q

Complications of chronic gastritis

A

peptic ulcers, gastric cancer

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37
Q

Gastritis manifestations

A

dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding

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38
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Lesions affecting the lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum. imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms.

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39
Q

Duodenal ulcers

A

H. pylori infections

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40
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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41
Q

Stress ulcers

A

Develops because of a major physiological stressor on the body, develops in the stomach, hemorrhage is the first indicator

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42
Q

Curling’s ulcers

A

duodenal ulcers associated with burns

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43
Q

Cushing’s ulcers

A

gastro-duodenal ulcers associated with head injuries

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44
Q

Diarrhea

A

Change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool

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45
Q

Acute diarrhea

A

Often caused by viral or bacterial infections

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46
Q

Chronic diarrhea

A

Last longer than 4 weeks, inflammatory bowel diseases

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47
Q

Originating in the small intestine

A

right lower quadrant

48
Q

Originating in the large intestine

A

left lower quadrant

49
Q

Diarrhea Manifestations

A

Fluid, electrolyte, and pH imbalances

50
Q

Constipation

A

Change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool in reference to the individual’s typical bowel pattern, stool remains in large intestine longer than usual

51
Q

Constipation causes

A

low-fiber diet, inadequate physical activity

52
Q

Constipation manifestation

A

inability to pass stool after straining or pushing for more than 10 minutes

53
Q

Constipation complications

A

hemorrhoids, intestinal obstruction

54
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

Blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine or large intestine.

55
Q

Intestinal Obstruction causes

A

Mechanical obstructions and Functional obstructions

56
Q

Mechanical obstructions

A

tumors

57
Q

Functional obstructions

A

neurologic impairment

58
Q

Intestinal Obstruction complications

A

perforation

59
Q

Intestinal Obstruction can lead to

A

necrosis and Intestinal contents can seep into the abdomen as the pressure increases

60
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

61
Q

Appendicitis complications

A

abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death

62
Q

Appendicitis Manifestations

A

(McBurney point), Indications of inflammation, infection, and peritonitis

63
Q

Appendicitis treatment

A

Urgent diagnosis and treatment is crucial, surgery to treat

64
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

65
Q

Several protective mechanisms are activated

A

Exudate temporarily seals them off, Abscesses, Peristalsis may slow down

66
Q

Peritonitis Manifestations

A

abdominal rigidity, Indicators of infection, sepsis and shock

67
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually the intestine, Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, autoimmune state that has been activated by an infection

68
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Characterized by patchy areas of inflammation involving the full thickness of the intestinal wall and ulcerations (skip lesions)

69
Q

Inflammation from Crohn’s disease stimulates

A

intestinal motility, decreasing digestion and absorption

70
Q

intestinal lumen during Crohn’s disease becomes

A

narrowed and potentially obstructed

71
Q

intestinal wall during Crohn’s disease

A

gives a cobblestone appearance

72
Q

Crohn’s Disease manifestations

A

abdominal cramping and pain, diarrhea, and constipation

73
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Inflammation causes epithelium loss, Necrosis of the epithelial tissue can result in abscesses, rectum and colon mucosa

74
Q

Ulcerative Colitis complications

A

malnutrition

75
Q

Ulcerative Colitis manifestations

A

diarrhea, abdominal cramping

76
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

Chronic, non-inflammatory, GI condition characterized by exacerbations associated with stress, Less serious than IBD and does not cause permanent intestinal damage

77
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome triggered by

A

hormone changes, food, and stress

78
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome manifestations

A

Stress and mood disorders often worsen symptoms, constipation or diarrhea

79
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

stones (calculi) of varying sizes and shapes form inside the gallbladder

80
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi

81
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

82
Q

Hepatitis causes

A

infections (usually viral), alcohol, and autoimmune disease

83
Q

Nonviral Hepatitis

A

Not contagious

84
Q

Viral hepatitis

A

Contagious, Can result in hepatic cell destruction, necrosis, hyperplasia, and scarring

85
Q

Acute hepatitis

A

Has three phases – an asymptomatic incubation phase and three symptomatic phases

86
Q

Chronic hepatitis

A

lasting longer than 6 months

87
Q

Fulminant hepatitis

A

rapidly progressing form that can quickly lead to liver failure

88
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function

89
Q

Cirrhosis causes

A

Chronic alcohol abuse is the most frequent cause of cirrhosis in the United States, Hepatitis and leads to fibrosis

90
Q

Cirrhosis Manifestations

A

Jaundice, Ascites, Bile accumulation in the liver causes inflammation and necrosis, Clay-colored stools

91
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

92
Q

Pancreatitis causes

A

cholelithiasis , alcohol abuse

93
Q

Pancreatic injury causes

A

pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate autodigestion resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis

94
Q

Pancreatic tissue is replaced by

A

fibrosis

95
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

Sudden and severe, medical emergency, Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating,

96
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis

A

Insidious, Upper abdominal pain

97
Q

Pancreatitis treatment

A

Resting the pancreas by not eating

98
Q

Oral Cancer

A

Most are squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue and mouth floor

99
Q

Oral Cancer risk factors

A

tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus

100
Q

Oral Cancer treatment

A

Very treatable if caught early

101
Q

nodule or ulcerative lesion in Oral Cancer

A

does not heal, and bleeds easily

102
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A

Usually a squamous cell carcinoma in the distal esophagus, Associated with chronic irritation

103
Q

Esophageal Cancer complications

A

esophageal obstruction

104
Q

Gastric Cancer

A

several forms, but adenocarcinoma is the most frequent type.

105
Q

Gastric Cancer associated with

A

Strongly associated with increased intake of salted, cured, pickled, preserved, and smoked foods.

106
Q

Gastric Cancer risk factors

A

H. pylori infections

107
Q

Liver Cancer

A

Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that has metastasized from the breast, lung, or from other GI structures

108
Q

Liver Cancer causes

A

primary tumors: chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis

109
Q

Liver Cancer manifestations

A

jaundice, and abdominal pain

110
Q

Gastric Cancer Asymptomatic early stages

A

delaying diagnosis and treatment

111
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

A

Aggressive malignancy that can quickly metastasize, Usually adenocarcinoma

112
Q

Pancreatic Cancer Risk factors

A

chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, and tobacco use

113
Q

Pancreatic Cancer manifestations

A

progressive upper abdominal pain, clay-colored stools

114
Q

Colorectal Cancer associated with

A

excessive intake of fat, calories, red meat, processed meat, and alcohol as well as decreased fiber intake.

115
Q

Colorectal Cancer manifestations

A

lower abdominal pain and tenderness, blood in the stool (occult or frank),

116
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A

Often asymptomatic until well advanced

117
Q

what can improve prognosis in Colorectal Cancer?

A

Routine screening

Pathophysiology Summer 2019 (8 decks)

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