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Pathophysiology Summer 2019 > Chapter 7: Urinary Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Urinary Function Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System Regulates

A 
Fluid volume
Blood pressure 
Metabolic waste and drug excretion
Vitamin D conversion
Acid-base balance 
Hormone synthesis
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2
Q

Whats part of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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3
Q

Renal capsule

A

connective tissue surrounding the kidney

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4
Q

Renal cortex

A

area immediately beneath the capsule, which contains the nephrons.

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5
Q

Renal artery

A

supplies each kidney with blood

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6
Q

Renal hilum

A

opening in the kidney the renal artery and nerves enter and the renal vein and ureter exit

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7
Q

Renal sinus

A

cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis

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8
Q

Calyces

A

tubes through which urine drains into the renal pelvis

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9
Q

Kidneys

A

on either side of the vertebrae in retroperitoneal space

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10
Q

Ureters

A

transports urine from the calyces to the bladder

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11
Q

Bladder

A

muscular structure that serves as a reservoir for urine until it can be excreted

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12
Q

Urethra

A

transports urine from bladder to urinary meatus

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13
Q

Urination output

A

Normal daily urine output is 1,500 mL

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14
Q

Renal Filtration

A

Each kidney contains 1-2 million nephrons

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15
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

double membrane that surrounds the glomerulus

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16
Q

Glomerulus

A

cluster of capillaries

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17
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

rate of blood flow through the glomerulus

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18
Q

Hormonal Influences

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

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19
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary urination by a child after 4–5 years of age, Usually resolves with or without treatment

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20
Q

Transient incontinence

A

temporary condition

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21
Q

Alterations resulting in

A

impaired elimination, and renal function

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22
Q

Stress incontinence

A

occurs when sphincter muscle of the bladder is weakened

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23
Q

Urge incontinence causes?

A

urinary tract infections

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24
Q

Overactive bladder

A

urge incontinence with no known cause

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25
Q

Detrusor hyperreflexia

A

increased detrusor muscle contractility that occurs even though there is no sensation to void

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26
Q

Urinary incontinence caused by?

A

trauma or damage to the nervous system

27
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Inability to empty the bladder, or retention

28
Q

Mixed incontinence

A

Occurs when symptoms of more than one type of urinary incontinence are experienced

29
Q

Functional incontinence

A

prevents toileting in time

30
Q

Gross total incontinence

A

continuous leaking/ large volumes of continuous leaking of urine

31
Q

Complications of Incontinence

A

Recurrent urinary tract infections

32
Q

Neurogenic Bladder

A

Bladder dysfunction caused by an interruption of normal bladder nerve innervation

33
Q

Escherichia coli

A

most common culprit

34
Q

Urinary Tract Infections

A

happen frequently in the Lower urinary tract

35
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

36
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection that has reached one or both kidneys

37
Q

Pyelonephritis can develop?

A

Abscesses and necrosis, and impairing renal function

38
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Presence of renal calculi, hard crystals composed of minerals that the kidneys normally excrete

39
Q

Calculi can form in?

A

renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder

40
Q

Nephrolithiasis manifestations

A

colicky pain in the flank area that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin

41
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys

42
Q

Wilms’ Tumor

A

Also known as nephroblastoma, primarily affects children, a solitary mass that can become quite large

43
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults, risk factors are being male and smoking

44
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age

45
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Inherited disorder characterized by numerous, grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys

46
Q

Autosomal dominant PKD

A

Mutation on the short arm of chromosome 16 and 4

47
Q

Autosomal recessive PKD

A

Progresses rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing death in infancy or childhood

48
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Bilateral inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection

49
Q

Nephrotic syndrome results in?

A

increased glomerular capillary permeability, leading to marked proteinuria, lipiduria, hypoalbuminemia, and anasarca

50
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

Inflammatory injury to the glomeruli that can occur because of antibodies interacting with normally occurring antigens in the glomeruli

51
Q

Renal Failure

A

Kidneys are unable to function adequately

52
Q

Renal Failure classified as?

A

acute or chronic

53
Q

Prerenal conditions

A

Extremely low blood pressure or blood volume

54
Q

Intrarenal conditions

A

Reduced blood supply within the kidneys

55
Q

Postrenal conditions

A

Ureter obstruction

56
Q

Phases of Acute Renal Failure

A
  1. Asymptomatic phase
  2. Oliguric phase
  3. Diuretic phase
  4. Recovery phase
57
Q

Oliguric phase

A

daily urine output decreases to approximately 400 mL or less, and waste products accumulate

58
Q

Diuretic phase

A

daily urine output increases to as much as 5 L

59
Q

Recovery phase

A

glomerular function gradually returns to normal

60
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible

61
Q

Kidney damage present but GRF is?

A

GFR is <90

62
Q

Kidney damage worsens as the GRF?

A

GFR falls (60-90)

63
Q

Kidney function is significantly impaired as GFR is?

A

GFR is between 30-59

Pathophysiology Summer 2019 (8 decks)

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