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Pathophysiology Summer 2019 > Chapter 1: Cellular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology

A

the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Dynamic process, Equilibrium is necessary for all cells, Self-regulating

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3
Q

Etiology

A

cause or reason for the event

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4
Q

Pathogenesis

A

development and evolution of a disease

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5
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

Includes signs and symptoms of the disease, stages of the disease, acute vs chronic

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

patterns of diseases in a group of people

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7
Q

Levels of prevention

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

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8
Q

Primary

A

do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it; Ex: vaccines

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9
Q

Secondary

A

disease detection; Ex: Pap smears and yearly physicals

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10
Q

Tertiary

A

rying to prevent problems from the disease or problem; Ex: rehabilitation

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11
Q

Cellular Features

A

exchange material, obtain energy, manufacture, replicate

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12
Q

Three major components of eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic information necessary for the control of cell structure and function

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Place for cell work

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site for protein synthesis

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16
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

communication system

Place where metabolic activity occurs

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17
Q

Two Forms of ER:

A

Rough ER, Smooth ER

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

Produce proteins for membranes and lysosomal enzymes

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid synthesis; regulation of intracellular calcium metabolism, and detoxification of hormones and drugs.

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breakdown cell products and foreign bodies to be used again

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Aerobic metabolism-ATP

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23
Q

Microtubules

A

Cilia, Flagella and Centrioles

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24
Q

Microfilament

A

cytokinesis, amoeboid movement and cell motility in general, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility and mechanical stability.

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25
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Made up of lipid bilayer

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26
Q

Membrane receptors

A

Open and close ion channels

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27
Q

Passive transport

A
  1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3.Facilitated diffusion
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28
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration.

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29
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water or other solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

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30
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins within the cellular membrane.

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31
Q

Active transport

A

movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.

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32
Q

Endocytosis

A

process of bringing a substance into the cell

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33
Q

Exocytosis

A

inside to outside

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34
Q

Mitosis

A

division of one cell to two genetically identical daughter cells. Four steps:

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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35
Q

Meiosis

A

specialized form of cell division that produces reproductive cells – sperm and egg cells.

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36
Q

Atrophy

A

reduction of cells size and number due to a reduction in work demand. eg., in paralysis

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37
Q

Hypertrophy

A

cells increase in size to meet increased work demand. eg., biceps muscle after exercise

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38
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. eg., liver regeneration

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39
Q

Metaplasia

A

one cell type is replaced by another cell type. eg., change in respiratory tract due to smoking

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40
Q

Dysplasia

A

cells mutate into cells of different size, shape and appearance eg., cervical dysplasia

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41
Q

Causes of Cell Injury

A

Physical agents, Radiation, Chemical

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42
Q

Physical agents

A
  1. Mechanical forces

2. Extreme temperature

43
Q

Chemical

A
  1. Poisonings

2. Drugs

44
Q

Radiation

A
  1. Ionizing
  2. Ultraviolet
  3. Non-ionizing
45
Q

Apoptosis

A

process of eliminating unwanted cells. Also called “programmed cell death”

46
Q

Ischemia

A

=Necrosis

47
Q

Coagulative

A

Caused by ischemia/

Infarction (except in Brain)

48
Q

Liquefactive

A

bacteria/fungus infection and

Ischemic injury in the brain

49
Q

Caseous

A

TB infection

50
Q

Fatty

A

acute inflammation in tissues
with adipocytes
such as pancreas and breast tissue

51
Q

Gangrene

A

= Necrosis + Infection

52
Q

Neoplasia

A

“new growth”

53
Q

Steps in Carcinogenesis

A

Initiation, Promotion, Progression

54
Q

Initiation

A

introduction of the agent

55
Q

Promotion

A

initiation of uncontrolled growth

56
Q

Progression

A

permanent malignant changes

57
Q

Benign

A

Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host (more differentiated), grow by expansion, do not usually cause death

58
Q

Malignant

A

Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated

59
Q

Tumor Clinical Manifestations

A

C.A.U.T.I.O.N

60
Q

C.A.U.T.I.O.N

A 
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
61
Q

Biopsy

A

Can be done through needle aspiration, endoscopy, laproscopy, or excision

62
Q

Tumor Markers

A

Antigens on the surface of tumor cells

63
Q

Miscellaneous procedures

A

X-rays, radioactive isotope scanning, computed tomography scans, endoscopies, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imagining, positron emission tomography scanning

64
Q

Staging-TNM (Tumor Node Metastasis)

A

based on spread of the disease

65
Q

Grading-according to histology

A

I, II, III, and IV-as it increases, the tumor is less differentiated

66
Q

Tumor treatment 3 goals

A

Prophylactic
Curative
Palliative

67
Q

Single-gene defects:

A

Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant
X-linked recessive

68
Q

Genetic Disorders classified as

A

Single-gene defects, Chromosomal disorders, Multifactorial

69
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of a cell

70
Q

Phenotype

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

71
Q

Patterns of transmission

A

Autosomal
Dominant, Autosomal
Recessive, Sex linked

72
Q

Dominant inheritance

A

occurs when an abnormal gene from one parent causes disease even though the matching gene from the other parent is normal.

73
Q

Recessive inheritance

A

both matching genes must be abnormal to cause disease.

74
Q

carrier

A

Someone who has one abnormal gene (but no symptoms)

75
Q

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

A

Examples: Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis

76
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

Disorder of connective tissue

77
Q

Diagnosis for Marfan Syndrome

A

History, physical examination, skin biopsy (presence of fibrillin), genetic testing

78
Q

Treatment for Marfan Syndrome

A

None, palliative

79
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

Neurogenic tumors that arise from Schwann cells

80
Q

Type 1 Neurofibromatosis

A

subcutaneous lesions, café-au-lait spots (at least 6 at birth), freckles, scoliosis, erosive bone defects, and nervous system tumors

81
Q

Type 2 Neurofibromatosis

A

Tumors of the acoustic nerve – 8th nerve

82
Q

Autosomal Recessive Disorders

A

Occurs only both members of gene pair are affected (homozygous)

83
Q

Examples of Autosomal Recessive Disorders

A

PKU and Tay-Sachs

84
Q

PKU (phenylketonuria)

A

deficiency in phenyl alanine hydroxylase,

85
Q

Progressive neurological decline

A

can lead to mental retardation

86
Q

Treatment for PKU (phenylketonuria)

A

Avoid high protein foods

Phenylalanine, lowering agents, Gene therapy

87
Q

Tay-sachs

A

Lipids accumulate, destroying and demyelinating nerve cells->progressive mental and motor deterioration

88
Q

Diagnosis for Tay-sachs

A

: history, physical examination, and low serum amniotic hexosaminidase A levels

89
Q

X-linked Recessive Disorders

A

Nearly everyone affected is male

90
Q

Examples of X-linked Recessive Disorders

A

red-green color blindness

91
Q

Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders

A

interaction between environmental and genetic factors

92
Q

Examples of Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders

A

cleft lip or palate, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer

93
Q

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

A

Caused from nondisjunction during meiosis

94
Q

Manifestations of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

A

small square head, upward slant of the eyes, small low set ears, fat pad on the back of the neck, open mouth with protruding tongue, Simian crease, and varying degrees of mental retardation

95
Q

Diagnosis of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

A

parental screening including amniocentesis, hormone levels, four-dimensional ultrasound

96
Q

Treatment for Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

A

symptomatic and supportive

97
Q

Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)

A

Deletion of all or part of an X

98
Q

Manifestations of Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)

A

short stature, webbing of the neck, drooping eyelids

99
Q

Diagnosis of Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)

A

history, physical examination, and chromosomal testing

100
Q

Treatment for Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)

A

estrogen and growth hormones

101
Q

Trisomy X (Klinefelter Syndrome

A

One or more extra X chromosomes

102
Q

Manifestations of Trisomy X (Klinefelter Syndrome

A

gynecomastia, small testes and penis, tall stature, increased weight, and sparse body hair

103
Q

Treatment for Trisomy X (Klinefelter Syndrome

A

testosterone

Pathophysiology Summer 2019 (8 decks)

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