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Science 10 - Unit 3 (Biology) > Chapter 9: From Cell to Organism: Focus on Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 9: From Cell to Organism: Focus on Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants use light energy to manufacture food in the form of carbohydrates.

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2
Q

What is Glucose?

A

A sugar that is utilized by cells as a source of energy. (Carbohydrates, plant, and animal cells use this as a source of energy)

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3
Q

What does Chlorophyll mean?

A

The pigment molecule in the leaf which traps light energy.

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4
Q

What are the levels of organization in an organism?

A

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems

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5
Q

The air in the atmosphere is a mixture of?

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, Nitrogen, and other gases.

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6
Q

What does Animal Cells consume and produce?

A

They consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.

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7
Q

What does Plant Cells consume and produce?

A

They consume carbon dioxide and water and produce oxygen during photosynthesis.

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8
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?

A

The stomata in the leaf connects the leaf to external environments allowing air to diffuse (O2 diffuses out and CO2 diffuses in-both down their concentration gradients).

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9
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water from leaves.

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10
Q

Guard cells can direct the stomata to close them or open it more to permit for more or less transpiration.

A

Guard cells can direct the stomata to close them or open it more to permit for more or less transpiration.

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11
Q

What are Lenticels

A

Lenticels in the roots and stems - (natural pores through the bark of woody plants that allows gas exchange between external environment and living cells below the bark)

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12
Q

What is the opening and closing of the stomata determined by?

A

It is determined by the amount of water in the guard cells.

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13
Q

What happens when the water moves into the guard cells by osmosis?

A

The water pressure inside the cell increases and the cell swells. Then the high water pressure in the guard cell called turgor pressure, pushes the elastic cell membrane against the rigid or stiff cell wall. The swollen guard cells change shape, opening the stomata and draws water up the plant from the roots to the leaves to be lost to the atmosphere by transpiration.

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14
Q

What happens when the water in the guard cell decreases?

A

The cell deflates and changes shape again. Then it closes the stomata.

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15
Q

What happens to the plant`s cells which causes it to wilt?

A

They have reduced turgor pressure as a result of water loss: making them wilt. If they are provided with more water, the limp cells have the turgor pressure, which renews their shape and rigidity.

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16
Q

What is Xylem?

A

The hollow tubes which transports water and dissolved minerals from the soil to the leaves.

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17
Q

What is Xylem Vessels?

A

Long continuous tubes composed or made of dead xylem cells which transport water and minerals from plant roots to its leaves.

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18
Q

What is Phloem?

A

Plant vascular tissue which carries sugars produced by the leaves to various parts of the plant.

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19
Q

What is Phloem Vessels?

A

Long continuous tubes made of living phloem cells which transport sugars from a plant`s leaves to various parts of the plant.

20
Q

What is Vessel Elements?

A

Long hollow cells within xylem vessels.

21
Q

What are Phloem Cells made of?

A

Sieve tubes and companion cells organized end-to-end.

22
Q

What is Xylem Sap?

A

Solution of water and minerals which accumulates in the root xylem.

23
Q

Water moves due to a combination of?

A
  1. Cohesion
  2. Adhesion
  3. Root Pressure
  4. “Pull” due to transpiration
24
Q

What is Cohesion?

A
  1. Attraction of water molecules to other water molecules.

2. The tendency of water molecules to stick to other water molecules.

25
Q

What is Adhesion?

A
  1. Attraction of water molecules to molecules of another substance,
  2. The tendency of water molecules to stick, or adhere, to certain or particular surfaces.
26
Q

What is Root Pressure?

A
  1. Turgor pressure inside the root xylem.
  2. As root cells increase mineral concentration into the xylem through active transport, water follows through osmosis building turgor pressure inside the root xylem. This pressure pushes fluid up the xylem.
27
Q

What is “Pull” Due to Transpiration?

A

Transpiration through the leaves forms a force which pulls the water in the xylem in the roots and stems upward to the leaves.

28
Q

What is a Stimuli?

A

An organism which is responding to environmental factors.

29
Q

What is Tropisms?

A
  1. Plant response to a stimulus.

2. Responses to conditions in the environment.

30
Q

What are 6 examples of Tropisms that plants and animals have as control systems?

A
  1. Moth towards a light.
  2. Zebra runs away from the lion.
  3. Stomata open and close.
  4. New branches grow.
  5. Flowers bloom
  6. Leaves Fall
31
Q

What is Phototropism?

A

The growth of a plant toward a light source. Phototropism maximizes the amount of light absorbed by the plant`s leaves.

32
Q

What is the reason plant`s use phototropism?

A

Phototropism causes plants to orient their leaves towards the light because absorption of light makes more photosynthesis possible: helps plants generate more energy for growth.

33
Q

What are the 2 experiments which were carried out to demonstrate the process of phototropism?

A
  1. Peter Boysen-Jensen: Tested whether a chemical signal, produced by the tips of a seedling, triggered plant growth towards light. He placed gelatin and mica (types of rock, which chemicals cannot diffuse). On the plant tips and found that the chemical was able to diffuse through the gelatin and plant bent towards the light, but plant with mica and did not respond to light and grew straight.
  2. Frits Went: He extracted growth chemical from plant by removing the tips and placing them on agar (chemicals able to diffuse through). The growth chemical diffused out of plant tips and into the agar, which was placed on different sides of cut stem. He found that wherever the agar was placed (containing the chemical auxin) caused elongation in stems even in the absence of light.
34
Q

What is Auxin?

A

The growth chemical in plants.

35
Q

What is Gravitropism?

A

Plant growth response to another environmental stimulus: The force of gravity

36
Q

The stems of a plant show negative gravitropism

A

(Stems grow against the force of gravity).

37
Q

The stems of a plant show positive gravitropism

A

(Stems grow towards the force of gravity).

38
Q

Like phototropism, gravitropism involves the effects of auxin on cell growth

A

Like phototropism, gravitropism involves the effects of auxin on cell growth

39
Q

What is the effect of auxin on the stems of a plant?

A

In Stems - the auxin is actively transported through he cells of the plant towards the shaded side of the stem causing cells there to grow longer than cells on the lighted side (uneven rates of cell growth growth on opposing sides causing stem or root to bend) : causing the plant to bend towards the light.

40
Q

What is the effect of auxin on the roots of a plant?

A

In Roots - effect of auxin are opposite then those in the stem. Increase in auxin are opposite then those in the stem. Increase in auxin concentrations inhabits root growth instead of promoting growth (in stems). If a root is placed sideways, auxin collects along its lower side so cell growth is inhabited on that side, however, cells along the upper side continues to grow longer: causing the root to turn downwards.

41
Q

What is the Stimuli of Phototroprism?

A

Light

42
Q

What is the Stimuli of Gravitroprism?

A

The Force of Gravity

43
Q

What is the Stimuli of Mimosa?

A

Touch

44
Q

Which cells are dead?

A

The xylem cells which includes the (tracheids and the vessel element)

45
Q

Which cells are alive?

A

The phloem cells which includes the (sieve-tube element, companion cell and the parenchyma cells)

Science 10 - Unit 3 (Biology) (5 decks)

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