Chapter 7: The Basis of Life

Question 1

What is spontaneous generation or abiogenesis?

Answer 1

When Aristole that life came from non-living things which appeared to be true.

Question 2

Who was the first person to test the theory of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis?

Answer 2

Francesco Redi

Question 3

What did Louis Pasteur study?

Answer 3

He read fermentation which is an anaerobic process or action which was transported out by the micro-organisms by which organic food are transformed into simpler compounds.

Question 4

What was Rudolf Virchows discovery?

Answer 4

He discovered that living organisms can only arise or occur or happen from other living organisms. (Biogenesis)
He discovered microscopic observations of cell dividing which are (cells approaching from pre-existing cells) and completed the cell theory.

Question 5

What are the kinds of cells scientists were able to see?

Answer 5

A. Cork Cells
B. Pond Water Organisms
C. Plant Tissue
D. Animal Tissue

Question 6

Who was the first person to discover cells, see and name cells?

Answer 6

Robert Hooke

Question 7

What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discover?

Answer 7

He discovered single-celled micro-organisms.

Question 8

What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek study?

Answer 8

He studied blood cells, pond water and matter scraped from his own teeth.

Question 9

What did Mattihas Schleiden & Theodor Schwann do?

Answer 9

They started to grow the cell theory based on there observations on plant and animal cells.

Question 10

What are the 3 points to the cell theory?

Answer 10

1. All organisms are made up of 1 or more cells.
2. The cell is the smallest functional unit of life.
3. All cells are produced or manufactured by other cells from Virchow.

Question 11

What does Simple Microscopes mean?

Answer 11

The earliest microscopes.

Question 12

What does Zacharias Jensen use?

Answer 12

He used 2 lenses to manufacture a larger image (Compound Microscope)

Question 13

What are Compound Light Microscopes?

Answer 13

If a light is utilized to light up the object being viewed. (Can magnify up to 2000x)

Question 14

What are Electron Microscopes?

Answer 14

They are objects which are too small to be viewed with a light microscope. (higher power)

Question 15

What is an Electron Micrograph?

Answer 15

A photograph of an image from an electron microscope. (Could be magnified up to 22 million)

Question 16

What is an Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

Answer 16

It is an electron microscope in which a beam of electrons passes through a specimen to manufacture a 2-dimensional image.

Question 17

What is an Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

Answer 17

It is an electron microscope in which a beam of electrons sweeps over a specimen, creating a 3-dimensional image.

Question 18

What is a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)?

Answer 18

A microscope in which a laser beam is controlled at diverse plants of the specimen, manufacturing a series of 2-dimensional images which can be stacked to manufacture a 3-dimensional image.

Question 19

What is a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)?

Answer 19

A microscope in which electrons flow between a fine metal probe and atoms on the specimen`s surface, while a computer utilizes the details or info sent by the probe to form a 3-dimensional image.

Question 20

What are Genes?

Answer 20

Sections or parts of long molecules.

Question 21

What are the 4 Bases that make up DNA?

Answer 21

A: Adenine
T: Thymine
C: Cytosine
G: Guanine

Question 22

What is HGP (Human Genome Project)?

Answer 22

An international project to sequence all the 20 000 to 25 000 genes that make up a human.

Question 23

What is Adenine paired with (A)?

Answer 23

Thymine (T)

Question 24

What is Cytosine paired with (C)?

Answer 24

Guanine (G)

Question 25

What is Gene Sequencing?

Answer 25

This is used to map the arrangement of all of a gene`s bases and utilizes the sequence information to identify and treat genetic disorders by "correcting" the gene to help cure the disorder (gene therapy)

Question 26

What happens to a cell when a mutation in the genes sequence happens?

Answer 26

Cancer may happen

Question 27

What are stem cells ("blank-slates")?

Answer 27

Cells than can become any class of cell in your body.

Question 28

Do Adults have some stem cells in the bone marrow that are utilized to produce new blood cells?

Answer 28

Yes.

Question 29

What are Prokaryotes?

Answer 29

It is when they have no true nucleus.

Question 30

What are Eukaryotes?

Answer 30

It is when they have a true nucleus.

Question 31

What are Organelles?

Answer 31

It is when plant and animals have specific functions which are carried out by particular internal cell parts.

Question 32

What is the definition and function of the Cell Membrane?

Answer 32

The definition of the cell membrane is a boundary which divides the cell inside from the environment. The function of the cell membrane is when they move materials in and out of the cell.

Question 33

What is the definition of Vesicles?

Answer 33

Small membrane sacs pinched off of the cell membrane.

Question 34

What is the definition and function of the Nucleus?

Answer 34

Definition: The manager that controls all of the cell`s activities. Function: It controls or manages the activities of a cell.

Question 35

What is the definition of a Ribosome?

Answer 35

A ribosome is when the messenger molecules connect to larger molecules in the cytoplasm.

Question 36

What does the nucleolus mean?

Answer 36

It is a region of the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.

Question 37

What is the definition and function of Lyosomes?

Answer 37

Definition: A vesicle including digestive enzymes. Function: 1. They smash down food particles. 2. Some of them preserve the body by killing infectious micro-organisms (kill bacteria). 3. They destroy or devour old or damaged cell parts.

Question 38

What is the definition and function of a Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 38

Definition: The network of folded membranes and tubes connected or joined with the nucleus. Function: They produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.

Question 39

What does Nuclear Pores mean?

Answer 39

When materials have the nucleus in the nuclear membrane.

Question 40

What is the definition of a Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)?

Answer 40

It is when ribosomes are sprinkled on the surface.

Question 41

What is the definition of a Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)?

Answer 41

It is when there is no ribosomes and it packages proteins or lipids.

Question 42

What is the definition and function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 42

Definition: Where proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum are modified, repackaged and administered to other locations in the cell. Function: They are responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles.

Question 43

What is the definition and function of a Mitochondria?

Answer 43

Definition: rod-shaped organelle with folded inner membranes. Function: It is the site of cellular respiration in which chemical energy stored in sugars is converted into useable energy for the cell. (ATP)

Question 44

What is the definition and function of a Centriole?

Answer 44

Definition: Cylindrical structures located just outside the nucleus of animal cells. Function: They help direct the separation of genetic material.

Question 45

What is the definition and function of a Vacuole?

Answer 45

Definition: They are balloon-like vesicles that store water, food, minerals or wastes. Function: They help keep water balance.

Question 46

What is the definition and function of a Cell Wall?

Answer 46

Definition: It is a stiff structure which protects and supplies or provides shape and support to plant, fungi and some bacterial cells. Function: They provide structural strength and support.

Question 47

What is the definition and function of a Chloroplast?

Answer 47

Definition: An organelle containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis occurs. Function: They produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis, and to store food energy.