Chapter 7: The Basis of Life Flashcards
What is spontaneous generation or abiogenesis?
When Aristole that life came from non-living things which appeared to be true.
Who was the first person to test the theory of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis?
Francesco Redi
What did Louis Pasteur study?
He read fermentation which is an anaerobic process or action which was transported out by the micro-organisms by which organic food are transformed into simpler compounds.
What was Rudolf Virchows discovery?
He discovered that living organisms can only arise or occur or happen from other living organisms. (Biogenesis)
He discovered microscopic observations of cell dividing which are (cells approaching from pre-existing cells) and completed the cell theory.
What are the kinds of cells scientists were able to see?
A. Cork Cells
B. Pond Water Organisms
C. Plant Tissue
D. Animal Tissue
Who was the first person to discover cells, see and name cells?
Robert Hooke
What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discover?
He discovered single-celled micro-organisms.
What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek study?
He studied blood cells, pond water and matter scraped from his own teeth.
What did Mattihas Schleiden & Theodor Schwann do?
They started to grow the cell theory based on there observations on plant and animal cells.
What are the 3 points to the cell theory?
- All organisms are made up of 1 or more cells.
- The cell is the smallest functional unit of life.
- All cells are produced or manufactured by other cells from Virchow.
What does Simple Microscopes mean?
The earliest microscopes.
What does Zacharias Jensen use?
He used 2 lenses to manufacture a larger image (Compound Microscope)
What are Compound Light Microscopes?
If a light is utilized to light up the object being viewed. (Can magnify up to 2000x)
What are Electron Microscopes?
They are objects which are too small to be viewed with a light microscope. (higher power)
What is an Electron Micrograph?
A photograph of an image from an electron microscope. (Could be magnified up to 22 million)
What is an Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?
It is an electron microscope in which a beam of electrons passes through a specimen to manufacture a 2-dimensional image.
What is an Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?
It is an electron microscope in which a beam of electrons sweeps over a specimen, creating a 3-dimensional image.
What is a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)?
A microscope in which a laser beam is controlled at diverse plants of the specimen, manufacturing a series of 2-dimensional images which can be stacked to manufacture a 3-dimensional image.
What is a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)?
A microscope in which electrons flow between a fine metal probe and atoms on the specimen`s surface, while a computer utilizes the details or info sent by the probe to form a 3-dimensional image.
What are Genes?
Sections or parts of long molecules.
What are the 4 Bases that make up DNA?
A: Adenine
T: Thymine
C: Cytosine
G: Guanine
What is HGP (Human Genome Project)?
An international project to sequence all the 20 000 to 25 000 genes that make up a human.
What is Adenine paired with (A)?
Thymine (T)
What is Cytosine paired with (C)?
Guanine (G)
What is Gene Sequencing?
This is used to map the arrangement of all of a gene`s bases and utilizes the sequence information to identify and treat genetic disorders by “correcting” the gene to help cure the disorder (gene therapy)
What happens to a cell when a mutation in the genes sequence happens?
Cancer may happen
What are stem cells (“blank-slates”)?
Cells than can become any class of cell in your body.
Do Adults have some stem cells in the bone marrow that are utilized to produce new blood cells?
Yes.
What are Prokaryotes?
It is when they have no true nucleus.
What are Eukaryotes?
It is when they have a true nucleus.
What are Organelles?
It is when plant and animals have specific functions which are carried out by particular internal cell parts.
What is the definition and function of the Cell Membrane?
The definition of the cell membrane is a boundary which divides the cell inside from the environment.
The function of the cell membrane is when they move materials in and out of the cell.
What is the definition of Vesicles?
Small membrane sacs pinched off of the cell membrane.
What is the definition and function of the Nucleus?
Definition: The manager that controls all of the cell`s activities.
Function: It controls or manages the activities of a cell.
What is the definition of a Ribosome?
A ribosome is when the messenger molecules connect to larger molecules in the cytoplasm.
What does the nucleolus mean?
It is a region of the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.
What is the definition and function of Lyosomes?
Definition: A vesicle including digestive enzymes.
Function:
- They smash down food particles.
- Some of them preserve the body by killing infectious micro-organisms (kill bacteria).
- They destroy or devour old or damaged cell parts.
What is the definition and function of a Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Definition: The network of folded membranes and tubes connected or joined with the nucleus.
Function: They produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
What does Nuclear Pores mean?
When materials have the nucleus in the nuclear membrane.
What is the definition of a Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)?
It is when ribosomes are sprinkled on the surface.
What is the definition of a Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)?
It is when there is no ribosomes and it packages proteins or lipids.
What is the definition and function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Definition: Where proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum are modified, repackaged and administered to other locations in the cell.
Function: They are responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles.
What is the definition and function of a Mitochondria?
Definition: rod-shaped organelle with folded inner membranes.
Function: It is the site of cellular respiration in which chemical energy stored in sugars is converted into useable energy for the cell. (ATP)
What is the definition and function of a Centriole?
Definition: Cylindrical structures located just outside the nucleus of animal cells.
Function: They help direct the separation of genetic material.
What is the definition and function of a Vacuole?
Definition: They are balloon-like vesicles that store water, food, minerals or wastes.
Function: They help keep water balance.
What is the definition and function of a Cell Wall?
Definition: It is a stiff structure which protects and supplies or provides shape and support to plant, fungi and some bacterial cells.
Function: They provide structural strength and support.
What is the definition and function of a Chloroplast?
Definition: An organelle containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis occurs.
Function: They produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis, and to store food energy.
