Chapter 9 - Extranuclear Inheritance Flashcards
streptomycin resistance is a form of what type of mutation
chloroplast
four o’clock plant is a form of
chloroplast vegiation
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
genes participate in conversion of energy to chemical bonds; small; double stranded; closed circle
dilution effect
zygote receives many mitochondria, so the mtDNA mutation becomes less important
heteroplasmy
adult has a mix of wild type and mutant mitochondria
inheritance of mitochondrial disorders
maternal
myclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease (MERRF)
mitochondrial disorder where A is substituted for G in a genome sequence
maternal inheritance
effects: deafness, dementia, low muscle coordination
ataxia
low muscle coordination
leber’s hereditary option neuropathy (LHON)
maternal inheritance
sudden onset bilateral blindness
kearns syre syndrome
effects: vision and hearing loss, cardiac problems
heteroplasmy more common with age
symptoms worsen in adulthood
mitochondrial replacement therapy
cytoplasm from a donor egg is transferred into recipient egg, which is fertilized via in vitro fertilization
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
zygote is removed and transferred to an anucleated donor egg
results of IV
three person IVF:
half nuclear genome from father, half nuclear genome from mother, mitochondrial genome from donor
infectious heredity
particles/’infection’ transmitted in eukaryotic cytoplasm
kappa particles
bacteria like particles (DNA + protein) that can produce a toxin called paramecin
two strands of kappa particles
killer and sensitive
male killing
males die during development
feminization
infected male develop as females (psuedo-females)
parthenogenesis
females reproduce without males
cytoplasmic incompatibility
inability for a Wolbachia infected male to successfully reproduce
maternal effects
offspring phenotype for a particular trait is determined by mother’s nuclear gene products in egg
dextral coil
right handed coiling
sinistral coil
left handed coiling
where is coiling determined in freshwater snails
the embryo
bicoid protein
determines polarity of an embryo in females
maternal effect gene groups
anterior, posterior, terminal
zygotic genes
expressed by zygote and effect phenotype
types of zygotic genes
gap genes
pair-rule genes
segment polarity genes
homeotic genes
gap genes
divide into broad regions
pair rule genes
defines segment boarders, divides into smaller segments
segment polarity genes
divide segments into anterior and posterior genes
homeotic selector genes
specify identity of each segment
