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Genetics > Chapter 8 - Chromosome Variation > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Chromosome Variation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

aneuploidy

A

variation in chromosome number

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2
Q

failure of homologous chromosomes in _______ or sister chromatids in _____

A

meiosis I; meiosis II

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3
Q

animals are ______ of monosomies

A

intolerant

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4
Q

animals are _____ of trisomies

A

tolerant

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5
Q

trisomy 21

A

extra chromosome 21
caused by nondisjunction in ovum

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6
Q

how does maternal age cause trisomy 21?

A

long delay between meiosis I and meiosis II

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7
Q

patau

A

human trisomy
extra chromosome 13
50% death rate in first month

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8
Q

edwards

A

human trisomy
extra chromosome 18
survival: 2-3 months

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9
Q

warkany syndrome

A

human trisomy that is lethal in early embryo
extra chromosome 8

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10
Q

polyploidy

A

individual in a diploid species has more than two multiples of the haploid number of chromosomes (3n,4n,5n…)

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11
Q

autopolyploidy

A

whole set of chromosomes (3n,4n) are derived from parents that are related (same species)

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12
Q

allopolyploidy

A

hybridization between closely related species (i.e- plants)

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13
Q

colchicine

A

used to induce nondisjunction of chromosomes and polyploid function

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14
Q

American cotton example

A

shows allopolyploidy between an Old World strain and a wild North American strain

allotetraploid

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15
Q

tobacco example

A

shows allopolyploidy between two tobacco species

amphipolyploid

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16
Q

protoplast

A

plant cells with cell walls removed

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17
Q

endopolyploidy

A

cells in specific tissues may by polyploid in an otherwise diploid organism

18
Q

deletion

A

structural change

loss of a section of a chromosome

19
Q

cri-du-chat syndrome

A

deletion in humans

loss of one p arm on chromosome 5

20
Q

duplication

A

structural change

20
Q

duplication

A

structural change

sections of chromosomes occur in multiple copies

21
Q

cause of duplication

A

unequal crossing over

22
Q

gene amplification

A

genes that appear to be selectively duplicated

23
Q

inversion

A

structural change where a segment of a chromosome is removed, rotated 180 degrees, and replaced

requires 2 breaks

24
Q

paracentric

A

does not include centromere

does not change length

25
Q

peircentric

A

includes centromere

can change length

26
Q

crossing over in paracentric inversion loops produces _____

A

2 parental and two recombinant chromosomes

27
Q

dicentric

A

contains 2 centromeres and can form a bridge that breaks randomly

28
Q

acentric

A

lacks a centromere and drifts randomly

29
Q

results of crossing over in a pericentric inversion loop

A

nonparental chromosomes with deletions and duplications

30
Q

super genes

A

inversions can “lock in” favorable combinations of genes

30
Q

super genes

A

inversions can “lock in” favorable combinations of genes

31
Q

translocation

A

movement of chromosomal segments within or between chromosomes

32
Q

reciprocal translocation

A

two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange segments

33
Q

familial down syndrome

A

translocation in chromosomes 14 & 21

34
Q

fragile chromosomes

A

areas within chromosomes that have sites that could potentially break

35
Q

fragile sites in human genome

A

100+

36
Q

fragile x syndrome (Martin-Bell)

A

fragile sites affect phenotype; extra copies of CGG of FMR-1 gene on X

mental retardation

more likely in men

37
Q

number of repeats associated with expression of Fragile X

A

231+

38
Q

FHIT Gene

A

frgile area on chromosome 3 that is inherited through maternal line

39
Q

WWOX gene

A

on chromosome 16

encodes for tumor suppressor protein

Genetics (5 decks)

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