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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 9 - exam 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the purposes of the cardiorespiratory system

A

1) transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
2) remove CO2 waste from tissues
3) regulation of body temperature – w/i circulatory system

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2
Q

What are the two major adjustments of blood flow w/ exercise

A

1) increased cardiac output: Q=HR*SV
2) restriction of blood flow from inactive organs to active muscle
– respiratory steal == redirect blood flow from legs to lungs to maintain respiratory
– thermoregulation == increase blood to periphery to decrease temp

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3
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart

A

Mitral valve (Left AV), Aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, Tricuspid valve (Right AV)

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4
Q

Explain the pulmonary circuit and its functions

A
  • right side of the heart
  • pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
  • return oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins
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5
Q

Explain the systemic circuit and its functions

A
  • left side of the heart
  • pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via arteries
  • returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via veins
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6
Q

What biomaterials make up plasma

A
  • it is the liquid portion of blood
  • contain ions, proteins, hormones
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7
Q

What are the different types of cells that are within blood

A

RBC: contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen
WBC: important in preventing infection
Platelets: important in blood clotting

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8
Q

What is the equation for hematocrit

A

hematocrit = height of RBC/Total Height

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9
Q

What is hematocrit

A

percentage of blood that is composed of packed RBCs

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10
Q

What is blood flow and how is it effected

A
  • directly proportional to the pressure difference b/t the two ends of the system
  • inversely proportional to resistance
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11
Q

What is the equation for blood flow

A

blood flow = change in pressure / resistance

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12
Q

if you have greater resistance is there lower or higher blood flow

A

lower blood flow

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13
Q

explain pressure and what it is proportional to

A

proportional to difference between the MAP and the right atrial pressure (change in pressure)

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14
Q

When measuring pressure, explain the movement of blood

A

deoxygenated blood goes into the Right Atrium and oxygenated blood leaves from the left ventricle

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15
Q

What is diastole

A

relaxation period ** mitral and tricuspid valves open when Ventricular pressure < atrial pressure

  • ventricles fill with blood
  • pressure in ventricles low
  • Filling with blood from atria
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16
Q

What is systole

A

contraction phase ** aortic valve and pulmonary (semilunar) valve open when ventricular P > aortic P

  • pressure in ventricles rise
  • blood ejection in pulmonary and systemic circulation
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17
Q

Explain the time during systole and diastole during rest vs exercise

A

AT REST: diastole is longer than systole (HR is slower)
AT EXERCISE: both systole and diastole are shorter – systole longer than diastole (HR higher)

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18
Q

Explain one stroke volume

A

When the atrium is filling up the ventricles = “preload”
End diastolic volume = 100mL in the ventricles

–> systolic volume = 60mL in blood vessels and pump through body
–> End systolic volume (left over in ventricles) = 40mL at end of ventricular contraction [w/ squeezing movement not perfect and some blood stay in ventricles]

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19
Q

how do you calculate stroke volume

A

difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)

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20
Q

Explain the pathway of drawing the Left-ventricular pressure-volume loop

A

1) isovolumetric contraction = ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change
2) ventricular ejection = as pressure increases, blood is ejected into the aorta
3) isovolumetric relaxation = ventricles relax with no corresponding volume change
4) ventricular filling = atrial contraction forces small amount of blood into ventricles

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21
Q

Define cardiac output and the equations that solve for cardiac output

A

Q = amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

Q = HR * SV
- HR (beats/min)
- SV (mL/beat) = amount of blood ejected in each beat

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22
Q

cardiac output depends on what two factors

A

training state and sex

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23
Q

Explain the initial stimulus that regulates cardiac output and what is the physiological response to both and result

A

1) high activity of sympathetic nerves to the heart –> increased SV due to stimulation of ventricular myocardium + increased HR due to stimulation of SA node ==== increase cardiac output

2) decreased activity of the parasympathetic nerves to the heart –>
increased HR due to stimulation of SA node ==== increase cardiac output

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24
Q

What nervous system regulates HR and SV

A

Autonomic nervous sytem –>

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic) – goes to SA and AV nodes Cardiac nerve (sympathetic) – goes to SA node, AV node, and ventricular myocardium

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25
Q

What 2 things regulate the HR

A

1) parasympathetic nervous system –> via vagus nerve === inhibit signal from SA or AV to slow HR
2) Sympathetic NS –> via cardiac accelerator nerves, increase HR by stimulating SA and AV nodw

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26
Q

how does Ach decrease HR

A

stimulates mAch Receptors

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27
Q

What is released that increases the HR by stimulating Beta1-ADR

A

catecholamines release (NOREPI)

  • because + ions are rushing in === causes depolarization of the cell == easier to generate action potential
  • on Beta 1 == cause vasodilation
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28
Q

the initial increase in HR at the onset of exercise (up to 100pbm) is due to what

A

parasympathetic withdrawal — allow sympathetic to take over

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29
Q

After 100bpm what causes increases the HR w/ exercise

A

sympathetic outflow

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30
Q

How can body temperature influence HR during exercise and why

A

if you have a high core body temp you will have an increase in HR

  • b/c the heart works harder to maintain perfusion pressure
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31
Q

men who have a higher blood volume have a higher/lower SV and higher/lower HR

A

higher SV and lower HR

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32
Q

Explain HR Variability

A
  • variation in time b/t heart beats
  • measured at the R-R time interval (resting HR from peak to peak) using ECG tracing
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33
Q

What is the difference between wide and low variation in resting HRV (HR variability)

A
  • WIDE variation = good index of “healthy” balance b/t SNS and PNS - time b/t beaks constantly changing
  • LOW variation = imbalance in autonomic regulation –> good predictor of cardiovascular dysfunction
    – sympathetic SN taking over – too much stress and cause cardio issues
34
Q

What diseases promote decrease in HR variability

A
  • depression
  • hypertension
  • heart disease = Myocardial infarction
  • physical inactivity
35
Q

What are the three ways that stroke volume is regulated

A

1) end-diastolic volume (EDV)
2) Average aortic BP
3) strength of ventricular contractility (intropy)

36
Q

How does EDV effect SV

A

volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole (“preload”) – more preload = more blood in ventriclesi

more stretch on ventricles –> cause more contractility == Frank-Starling Mechanism.

37
Q

if you have a high EDV = “preload” what happens to SV

A

increase in SV

38
Q

Explain the Frank-Starling mechanism

A

-greater EDV results in more forceful contraction === b/c of stretch in ventricles
—> more stretch = more optimal position for contraction and more blood out means more blood in
*** at rest is the optimal position

  • depend on venous return –> more forceful contraction
39
Q

Venous return is increased by what 4 factors

A

1) Venoconstriction: smooth muscle in blood vessels use SNS to vasoconstrict and pump more blood
2) Skeletal muscle pump
3) Respiratory Pump
4) Frank Sterling Law

40
Q

How does skeletal muscle pump effect venous return to the heart

A
  • rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the extremities towards the heart == push blood up through valves into the heart
  • one-way valves in veins prevent blackflow of blood
41
Q

How does respiratory pump effect venous return to the heart

A
  • changes in thoracic pressure pulls blood towards the heart

–> w/ inhalation the diaphragm contracts and changes the pressure in the lungs and moves the blood up
–> exhalation gets blood to go down into the heart

42
Q

The filling time of the heart is affected by what two factors

A

1) heart rate = if you have a high HR then you will have a lower filling time and lower preload
2) body position

43
Q

How is your end diastolic volume effected by body position

A

STANDING: lower stroke volume (blood pools in legs)
SUPINE: higher stroke volume (blood evently distributed in veins –> increased central venous pressure –> increased end-diastolic volume –> increased SV –> increased pulse pressure

44
Q

If you are lying supine for long periods what happens to. your body to decrease the central pressure increase

A

begins to decrease the amount of RBCs to decrease the blood volume so the pressure is lower

45
Q

How does the average aortic blood pressure regulate SV

A

pressure in the ventricles must overcome the pressure and pump against to open the valve and eject blood (“afterload”)

46
Q

Explain what afterload is

A

the pressure the ventricles must pump against to eject blood during contraction

  • amount of resistance the heart must overcome to overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume into systemic circulation
  • afterload is represented by the knot at the end of the balloon –> to get air out, the balloon must work against that knot
47
Q

Explain what preload is

A

left ventricular end-diastolic pressure == amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

  • heart loading up for the next big squeeze of ventricles during systole
  • blow air into the balloon and it stretches — the more air you blow in the greater the stretch
48
Q

Is stroke volume directly or indirectly proportional to the afterload

A

inversely proportional

49
Q

If you have lower afterload what happens to the stroke volume

A

if you have less afterload and the same pressure there will be more blood flow because the “door” is open longer and easier for the blood to leave

50
Q

With a low end systolic volume and low ventricular pressure what type of SV does it create?Afterload?

A

increased SV

51
Q

How does the strength of ventricular contractility (intropy) effect SV

A

if you have higher contractility it increases SV == enhanced by:

1) circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
2) direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart

52
Q

What type of stimulation causes ventricular contractility

A

sympathetic stimulation
- more or less intropy

= less binding of catecholamines = not as forceful contraction
= more binding of catecholamines = more Ca2+, KK into cell for muscle contraction

53
Q

if you have higher inotropy (ventricular contractility) how does it effect SV

A

increase SV

54
Q

For the LVP diagram how does the graph shift from control for increased preload, increased afterload, and increased intropy

A
  • higher preload shifts RIGHT
  • higher afterload shifts UP: higher venous return
  • higher inotropy shifts LEFT: more forceful contraction
55
Q

What is the initial stimulus for regulation of SV

A
  • high venous return and high sympathetic activity or epinephrine
56
Q

How does high venous return and high sympathetic activity or epinephrine effect the ventricle and contractility

A

in the ventricle it increases end-diastolic volume and increases contractility causing an increase in SV

–> ALSO: less arterial pressure (afterload)W

57
Q

what are the factors that regulate cardiac output

Q = HR * SV

A

HR: parasympathetic inhibit and sympathetic nerves promote

SV: sympathetic nerves and Frank-starling (increase stretch) causes increase contraction strength, increase in end-diastolic volume – MAP (afterload) inhibits stroke volume

58
Q

How does the left-ventricular diagram change with exercise

A

overall increases size of the diagram on all sides except the bottom

High SV during exercise due to:
- high EDV (preload)
- high ventricular contractility (inotropy)

59
Q

What is the Fick Equation

A

VO2 = Q * (a-v)O2 difference

60
Q

what is the effect of exercise on oxygen demand on muscles

A

with exercise - oxygen demand by muscles during exercise is 15-25x greater than at rest

61
Q

What is the difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin

A

hemoglobin: anywhere in blood flow within the body
myoglobin: only found within muscle cells and transport oxygen w/i muscles

62
Q

What two factors allow increased O2 delivery during exercsie

A

1) increased cardiac output
2) redistribution of blood flow: from inactive orans to working skeletal muscle

63
Q

Up to 40-60% of the VO2 max cardiac output is effected due to what

A
  • increased HR
  • increased SV

highQ =highHR * highSV

64
Q

if an individual is exercising at a VO2 max greater than 40-60% cardiac output is effected by what

A

an increase in HR because SV BEGINS TO PLATEAU

65
Q

How do you predict Max O2 uptake using submax HR values

A

use predicted Hr max and values from submax HR exercise to predict VO2max

66
Q

if an individual has a greater aerobic capacity will they have a higher or lower VO2 max

A

higher VO2 max

67
Q

With untrained individuals how does SV change during exercise

A
  • at high HR, filling time is decreased == cause SV plateau at around 40% of VO2max
  • decrease in EDV and SV
68
Q

How does SV change during supine and upright exercise

A

Supine position: higher SV and have overall higher volume of output (EDV higher in supine - no pooling in legs)

Upright position: lower SV

69
Q

How is blood redistributed during exercise

A
  • more blood flow to skeletal muscle: less now to liver, kidney, GI tract (inactive organs)
  • O2 consumption high if easier to breathe = VO2 max does not change only submax VO2 changes
    ** easier to breathe = more blood flow to legs
70
Q

redistribution of blood flow during exercsie is dependent on what

A

metabolic rate

  • use local regulation to move blood flow to certain areas
71
Q

Explain local (auto regulation) of blood flow during exercise

A
  • control blood fow by increase in metabolites (ie. nitric oxide == vasodilation), prostaglandins (made at sights of inflammation) , ATP, adenosine…)
  • work together to promote vasodilation and increase blood flow to working muscles
72
Q

What does nitric oxide do for blood flow

A

is vasodilator (found in beets) better blood flow during exercise

73
Q

how does the (a-v) o2 difference change during exercise

A

higher A-V difference

  • increase during exercise due to higher O2 uptake in tissues
    – used for oxidative ATP production

** is muscle consumes high O2 = larger gradient of O2 to move from arteries into tissue.

74
Q

How does the arterial O2 consumption change during exercise

A

CaO2 (arterial) –> stays constant

75
Q

How does the venous O2 consumption change during exercise

A

As you consume more O2 the venous content has less O2

** you want to increase oxygen consumption if youre exercising more

  • slide 80
76
Q

What is the emotional influence on a heart

A
  • higher HR and BP in emotionally charged environment b/c increase in SNS activity
  • increase pre-exercise HR and BP
77
Q

Explain what happens to the heart at the transition from rest to exercise

A

at oneset of exercise:

  • rapid in crease in HR, SV, and Cardiac output
  • plateau in submax (below lactate threshold) exercise
78
Q

Explain HR and Q during graded exercise

A
  • increases linearly w/ increasing work rate
  • reaches plateau at 100% VO2 max
79
Q

What happens to BP with graded exercise

A

MAP increases linearly
- systolic BP increases
- diastolic BP remains fairly constant

80
Q
A

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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