Chapter 17/21 Flashcards
what type of cells synthesize insulin in the pancreas
beta cells in the pancreas –> bring in glucose
When plasma glucose is high what happens to decrease this
high plasma glucose causes beta cells in the pancreas to increase insulin secretion –> decrease plasma glucose
What is diabetes mellitus
group of metabolic diseases characterized by an inability to produce enough insulin or use it properly
- characterized by hyperglycemia
explain what type 2 diabetes is
* explain the pathway and how it effects the muscle
- insulin sensititivity – downregulated
- sufficient insulin secreted into the blood stream –> increased glucose in the blood stream & obesity, inheritance and other factos leading to insulin resistance –> muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance
- also increased glucose absorption with excess loss in the urine –> sweet urine –> kidney damage
explain what type 1 diabetes is
* explain the pathway and how it effects the muscle
- dont produce enough insulin
- low insulin secreted from the pancreas into the blood stream –> increased blood glucose due to low insulin & glycogen and protein breakdown causing keto-acidosis –> muscle unable to use glucose due to low insulin
- also increased glucose absorption with excess loss in the urine –> sweet urine –> kidney damage
What are the 6 signs and symptoms of diabetes
- polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- polyuria (frequent urination)
- unexplained weight loss
- infection and cuts that are slow to heal
- blurry vision
- fatigue
** flux b/t hypo and hyper glycemic**
will exercise help type 1 diabetes
help translocate GLUT 4 to bring glucose into the muscle cells == worried more about hypo-glycemia NOT hyperglycemia
what is the effect of prolonged exercise in diabetics
- control of glucose is important – if dont inject enough insulin before exercise == high in plasma glucose
what happens to type 1 diabetics who do not inject the adequate amount of insulin before exercise
increase in plasma glucose
What is the effect of plasma insulin concentration, liver glucose release, glucose uptake by muscle, and blood glucose concentration with normal insulin levels
- plama insulin concentration = normal or slightly decreased
- high liver glucose release
- high glucose uptake by muscle
- unchanged blood glucose concentration
What is the effect of plasma insulin concentration, liver glucose release, glucose uptake by muscle, and blood glucose concentration with hypoinsulinemia
- plasma insulin concentration = markedly decreased
- high liver glucose release
- lower glucose uptake by muscle
- small increase blood glucose concentration
What is the effect of plasma insulin concentration, liver glucose release, glucose uptake by muscle, and blood glucose concentration with hyperinsulinemia
- plasma insulin concentration = increased
- small increase liver glucose release
- very large glucose uptake by muscle
- small decrease blood glucose concentration
Does exercise alone control blood glucose in type I diabetics
NO does not alone control blood glucose
what is a major concern during exercise for type 1 diabetics
hypoglycemia – may result in insulin shock
- if take normal dose of insulin and exercsie –> both decrease blood glucose –> hypoglycemia
What chance can result in lowering the odds of exercise-induced hypoglycemia
regular exercise schedule
* intensity, frequency, and duration
* altering diet and insulin
at what blood sugar values should you avoid exercise and when should you ingest CHO
- if fasting glucose is >300 mg/dl
- ingest CHO if glucose is <100 mg/dl
What should you do to manage your blood sugar with exercise
blood glucose monitoring before and after exercise
* identify needed changes in insulin or food intake
* learn how blood glucose responds to different types of exercise
where should you inject insulin
away from working muscle –> prevent increased rate of uptake and hypoglycemia
interaction could cause hypoglycemia in that region
What is the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes
exercise is a primary treatment
* helps treat obesity
* helps control blood glucose and reduce insulin resistance
* helps treat CVD risk factors
combination of diet and exercise may eliminate need for diabetic drug treatment
may need to adjust med dosages when sedentary become trained – prevent hypoglycemia
Explains what happens to plasma glucose after ingesting glucose with no exercise, exercise, and control
- no exercise = highest reaction and increase in plasma glucose
- w/ exercise = lower spike in plasma glucose – more controlled
- control = small spike but for most part maintained
Explains what happens to plasma insulin after ingesting glucose with no exercise, exercise, and control
- no exercise = increases slowly and peaks at an hour an a half
- exercise = overall low plasma insulin and lower spike/release of insulin even than control
- control = spike early and then decrease over time
when there is a decrease in blood glucose with less insulin how is insulin sensitivity effected
more insulin sensitive
What is asthma
a respiratory problem characterized by shortness of breath and a wheezing sound
What is asthma due to
- contraction of smooth muscle of airways
- swelling of mucosal cells
- hypersecretion of mucus
- vasoconstriction of the bronchioles