Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exercise Physiology > Chapter 17/21 > Flashcards

Chapter 17/21 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cells synthesize insulin in the pancreas

A

beta cells in the pancreas –> bring in glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When plasma glucose is high what happens to decrease this

A

high plasma glucose causes beta cells in the pancreas to increase insulin secretion –> decrease plasma glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

group of metabolic diseases characterized by an inability to produce enough insulin or use it properly

  • characterized by hyperglycemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

explain what type 2 diabetes is
* explain the pathway and how it effects the muscle

A
  • insulin sensititivity – downregulated
  • sufficient insulin secreted into the blood stream –> increased glucose in the blood stream & obesity, inheritance and other factos leading to insulin resistance –> muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance
  • also increased glucose absorption with excess loss in the urine –> sweet urine –> kidney damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain what type 1 diabetes is
* explain the pathway and how it effects the muscle

A
  • dont produce enough insulin
  • low insulin secreted from the pancreas into the blood stream –> increased blood glucose due to low insulin & glycogen and protein breakdown causing keto-acidosis –> muscle unable to use glucose due to low insulin
  • also increased glucose absorption with excess loss in the urine –> sweet urine –> kidney damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 6 signs and symptoms of diabetes

A
  1. polydipsia (excessive thirst)
  2. polyuria (frequent urination)
  3. unexplained weight loss
  4. infection and cuts that are slow to heal
  5. blurry vision
  6. fatigue

** flux b/t hypo and hyper glycemic**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

will exercise help type 1 diabetes

A

help translocate GLUT 4 to bring glucose into the muscle cells == worried more about hypo-glycemia NOT hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the effect of prolonged exercise in diabetics

A
  • control of glucose is important – if dont inject enough insulin before exercise == high in plasma glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens to type 1 diabetics who do not inject the adequate amount of insulin before exercise

A

increase in plasma glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the effect of plasma insulin concentration, liver glucose release, glucose uptake by muscle, and blood glucose concentration with normal insulin levels

A
  • plama insulin concentration = normal or slightly decreased
  • high liver glucose release
  • high glucose uptake by muscle
  • unchanged blood glucose concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the effect of plasma insulin concentration, liver glucose release, glucose uptake by muscle, and blood glucose concentration with hypoinsulinemia

A
  • plasma insulin concentration = markedly decreased
  • high liver glucose release
  • lower glucose uptake by muscle
  • small increase blood glucose concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the effect of plasma insulin concentration, liver glucose release, glucose uptake by muscle, and blood glucose concentration with hyperinsulinemia

A
  • plasma insulin concentration = increased
  • small increase liver glucose release
  • very large glucose uptake by muscle
  • small decrease blood glucose concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does exercise alone control blood glucose in type I diabetics

A

NO does not alone control blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a major concern during exercise for type 1 diabetics

A

hypoglycemia – may result in insulin shock

  • if take normal dose of insulin and exercsie –> both decrease blood glucose –> hypoglycemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What chance can result in lowering the odds of exercise-induced hypoglycemia

A

regular exercise schedule
* intensity, frequency, and duration
* altering diet and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

at what blood sugar values should you avoid exercise and when should you ingest CHO

A
  • if fasting glucose is >300 mg/dl
  • ingest CHO if glucose is <100 mg/dl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What should you do to manage your blood sugar with exercise

A

blood glucose monitoring before and after exercise
* identify needed changes in insulin or food intake
* learn how blood glucose responds to different types of exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where should you inject insulin

A

away from working muscle –> prevent increased rate of uptake and hypoglycemia

interaction could cause hypoglycemia in that region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

exercise is a primary treatment
* helps treat obesity
* helps control blood glucose and reduce insulin resistance
* helps treat CVD risk factors

combination of diet and exercise may eliminate need for diabetic drug treatment

may need to adjust med dosages when sedentary become trained – prevent hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explains what happens to plasma glucose after ingesting glucose with no exercise, exercise, and control

A
  • no exercise = highest reaction and increase in plasma glucose
  • w/ exercise = lower spike in plasma glucose – more controlled
  • control = small spike but for most part maintained
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explains what happens to plasma insulin after ingesting glucose with no exercise, exercise, and control

A
  • no exercise = increases slowly and peaks at an hour an a half
  • exercise = overall low plasma insulin and lower spike/release of insulin even than control
  • control = spike early and then decrease over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when there is a decrease in blood glucose with less insulin how is insulin sensitivity effected

A

more insulin sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is asthma

A

a respiratory problem characterized by shortness of breath and a wheezing sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is asthma due to

A
  1. contraction of smooth muscle of airways
  2. swelling of mucosal cells
  3. hypersecretion of mucus
  4. vasoconstriction of the bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you diagnose asthma

A

using a pulmonary-function testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does pulmonary function testing look at? What 2 variables

A
  1. Vital Capactity (VC) – max volume of air expelled after max inhalation
  2. forced expiratory volume (FEV1) – volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the triggers of an asthma attack

A

allergens (dust, pollutants), exercise, stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Explain the response once an asthma attack is triggered

A
  • plasma cells produce IgE antibodies which attach to mast cells lining bronchial tubules
  • mast cells release inflammatory mediators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is exercise enduced asthma (EIA)? triggered by?

A
  • caused by cooling and drying of respiratory tract – trigger release of chemical mediators and airway narrowing
  • more common in asthmatics
  • does not necessarily impair performance if medically controlled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how is exercise enduced asthma diagnosed?

A

make you run with strenuous running > or equal to 85-90% of maxHR

** if PFT test shows > or equal to 10% decrease in FEV1 indicates EIA (vasoconstriction or narrowing)**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Explain the influence of different sports on exercise enduced asthma

A
  • not a large decrease in FEV1 % of pre-exercise value in asthmatic swimmers because they are breathing in high humidity air
  • running has the greatest decrease in FEV1 %
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are 3 ways to prevent EIA

A
  1. warmup (15 min at 60% of VO2max)
  2. perform short-duration exercise
  3. use a mas or face mask in the cold weather
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are 2 treatments for EIA

A
  1. Beta2-agonist in case of attack during exercise (need higher dosage to effect credibility of racing) == Epinephrine binds to Beta-adrenergic receptor
  2. other medications to prevent attack
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the influence on performance for Beta2-agonists

A
  • inhaled Beta2-agonists do not improve performance
  • ingested salbutamol (beta2-agonist) does improve strength, anaerobic power, and endurance (at 10-20x inhaled dose)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the leading cause of death from cardiovascular diseases

A

CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Explain the normal, elevated, and hypertension blood pressures

A
  • normal: systolic <120mmHg and diastolic <80mmHg
  • elevated: systolic b/t 120-129 and diastolic <80mmHg
  • hypertension: stage 1 = systolic b/t 130-139mmHg OR diastolic b/t 80-89 mmHg stage 2 = systolic > or equal to 140mmHg OR diastolic > or equal to 90mmHg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the prevalence of hypertension in the US

A
  • 1/3 of the U.S. adults
  • hypertension increases with age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the effect of hypertension on the body? What 2 major effects

A
  1. damages the endothelium – predisposition for atherosclerosis (scar blood vessel - less elasticity and more plaque buildup) and other vascular pathologies
  2. increased afterload (high MAP) – lead to left ventricular hypertrophy that can lead to heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the treatment for mild or borderline hypertension

A
  • lose weight if overweight, limit alcohol, reduce sodium, eat diet rich in fruit, vegetables, low-dairy, reduced in saturated fat and cholesterol, stop smoking, exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of exercise is best for hypertension

A
  • aerobic (b/c dont want spikes in BP) exercise on most or all days of the week
  • moderate intensity for 30-60 min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Explain how strength changes in children with exercise

A
  • strength increases as muscle mass increases with age
  • peaks around 20 yrs. for women and 20-30 for men
  • extend of muscular development depends on relative maturation of nervous system – if dont send signal to muscles the muscles will not grow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Explain thermoregulation in children during exercise

A
  • children have increased surface area:mass ratio
  • greater conductive heat loss, gain
  • less evaporative heat loss (decreased sweat) – havent developed as much surface area to lose heat quickly
  • slower heat acclimation (or acclimitization)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

explain children’s cardiovascular function in comparison to an adults

A
  • resting and submax BP is lower in adults (related to body size)
  • smaller hearts, lower peripheral resistance during exercise
44
Q

Explain the differences in HR, SV, Q, and (a-v)O2 difference in boys vs. men

A
  • HR: children have higher HR because they have a smaller heart –> almost compensates for low SV
  • SV: becuase children have a smaller heart they have a lower blood volume and lower SV
  • Q: children have a slightly lower cardiac output than an adult becuase they have a high HR
  • (a-v)O2 difference: the difference between a and v will increase to further compensate for being a child
45
Q

Explain the cardiorespiratory changes that occur with aging: specifically VO2max: kids –> adults

A
  • Avsolute VO2max increases with age (both boys and girls)
  • relative VO2max is steady with age in boys and decreases with age in girls
46
Q

explain the physiology behind why relative VO2max is steady in boys as they age but decreases with aging in girls

A
  • becuase from 6-18 boys put on more weight and are taller
  • men have more testosterone which causes them to increase their lean body mass –> this consumes more O2 that maintains the VO2max
  • women have more estrogen and create more adipose tissue that does not absorb O2
47
Q

Explain the change in lung function between a child and adult

A
  • lung volume increases with age
  • peak flow rates increase with age
48
Q

Why are children’s economy of effort worse than adults

A
  • child’s O2 consumption per kilo is greater than adults – b/c biomechanics and body development
  • with age, skills improve, stride lengths improve
49
Q

How does endurance running pace increase with age

A
  • only a result of economy of effort
  • occurs regardless of VO2max changes or training status
50
Q

Explain why children have limited anaerobic performance compared to adults

A
  • children have lower glycolytic capacity in the muscle: less muscle glycogen, less glycolytic enzyme activity, lower blood lactate
  • resting stres of ATP-PCr are similar to adults
51
Q

What are some common beliefs to why strength training in children is controversial

A

concern of damage to articular cartilage, epiphyseal growth plate, and muscle tendon insertion –> fuse too soon and not proper growth

52
Q

Why is weight lifting safe and beneficial for children

A
  • injuries can be avoided by attention to proper technique
  • exercise can promote muscular strength and bone density – weight bearing to help build bone
53
Q

Explain the difference between anaerobic and aerobic training in children

A
  • aerobic = improve VO2 max like adults and performance increases due to improved running economy – change in anatomy
  • anaerobic = leads to higher resting PCr, ATP, Glycogen, higher PFK activity, higher maximal blood lactate
54
Q

explain the physical activity patterns among the youth

A
  • physical activity patterns established in childhood carry into adulthood
  • intervention aimed at getting children more active are ineffective –> hard to force children to be mroe active - need to be motivated
  • early specialization in one sport reduces “fun” physical activities –> more discouraging
55
Q

What is sudden cardiac death in young athletes caused by

A

abnormal, leathal heart rhythms
* medical exam can identify those risks == graded exercise test

can be thickening of ventricular septum

56
Q

What happens to the basal metabolic temp during the luteal phase

A

thermoregulation is imparied during luteal phase of menstrual cycle

57
Q

Define athletic amenorrhea

A

cessation of menstruation
* 12-9% of female athletes and 3% in gen population

58
Q

What are the four concerns for female athletes

A
  1. exercise and the menstrual cycle
  2. eating disorders
  3. bone mineral density
  4. exercise during pregnancy
59
Q

What are the three potential causes of athletic amenorrhea

A
  1. amount of training
  2. phychological stress
  3. low evergy availability
60
Q

explain the relationship between % incidence of amenorrhea and weekly training distance

A

linear relationship – % chance increases with further distances

61
Q

Explain the psychological stress that cuases amenorhea

A
  • stress causes hormones to be released inhibiting a period
62
Q

Explain how low energy availability causes athletic amenorrhea

A

if there is an imbalance between calories consumed (eating) and energy expenditure: resting calories, activity, exercise

  • less food intake relative to E expenditure
63
Q

explain why menstruation ceases in women

A
  • prevent more energy to be burned within the menstrual cycle when not enough energy consumed
  • maintain blood volume/iron values
  • provide more energy to more vital organs – divert more E to maintaining survival
64
Q

how does training effect menstruation

A
  • no reason to limit training during menstruation
65
Q

What is dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation due to prostaglandins
* prostaglandins released in the uterus causes contractions
* may limit training due to discomfort

66
Q

What is the prevlance of disordered eating in athletics

A
  • more prominent in female and less in male but always exist
67
Q

What is anorexia nervosa

A
  • extreme steps to reduce body weight
  • starvation, exercise, laxative use

Effects: excessive weight loss, amenorrhea, death

68
Q

What is bulimia

A
  • pattern of overeating (binging) followed by vomiting (purging)

Effects: damage to teeth and esophagus

69
Q

What are the 6 warning signs for anorexia nervosa

A
  1. rapid weight loss
  2. mood swings
  3. excessive exercise
  4. avoiding food-related activities
  5. wearing baggy clothing
  6. preoccupation with food, calories and weight
70
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mineral content

71
Q

What are the 6 warning signs for bulimia

A
  1. noticeable weight loss
  2. depressive moods
  3. strict dieting followed by eating binges
  4. excessive concern about weight
  5. bathroom visits after meals
  6. increasing criticism of one’s body
72
Q

What are the 2 major causes of osteoporosis

A
  1. estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea (post-menapause = no period = lower estrogen)
  2. inadequate calcium intake due to eating disorders
72
Q

Explain the difference in bone mineral content between untrained and women who run

A

overall runners will have a higher bone mineral content than undtrained
* they have more weight bearing exercise

73
Q

Explain the three components of the female athlete triad

A

low energy availability –> menstrual dysfunction & low bone density

menstrual dysfunction –>low bone density

74
Q

What is the only bidirectional arrow in the RED-S? why?

A

between RED-S and phychological

  • low energy availability –> RED-S –> disappointment –> characteristics of elite athletes –> control –> obsessive exercise, eating restriction…
74
Q

What is relative energy defiiciency in sports (RED-S)

A

includes female triad into the other physiological processes during sports

  • where all the energy goes to in the body and how it effects different processes
75
Q

What is the equation for energy availability

A

energy availability (kcal/kg FFM) = (energy intake - exercise energy expenditure) / fat free mass

76
Q

In what individuals can you not use the energy availability equation

A

cannot use for sedentary individuals

77
Q

What is the treatment for RED-S

A

primary objective is to increase energy availability by:
* increasing energy intake
* reducing energy expenditure (i.e. training volume)
* combination of both

depending on athlete and training season – change intake with how much training

  • athletes practicing restrictive eating behaviors should recieve nutritional counseling and psychotherapy
78
Q

Explain the different processes of recovery from RED-S in: energy status, menstrual status, and bone mineral density

A
  • energy status: improves in days or weeks
  • menstrual status: months
  • bone mineral density: years
79
Q

Explain the outcomes with recovery from RED-S for: energy status, menstrual status, and bone mineral density

A
  • energy status = increase in energy status will stimulate anabolic hormones (IGF-1) and bone formation, increase energy status will reverse energy conservation adaptions
  • menstrual status = increase reproductive hormones, increase estrogen exerts an anti-resorptive effect on bone
  • bone mineral density = estrogen continues to inhibit bone resportion, energy status will stimulate anabolic hormones (IGF-1) and bone formation –> slow rate of decline
80
Q

Explain the risk of knee injury in female athletes

A
  • injured at a higher risk for knee injuries compared to men (3.5x higher risk for non-contact ACL
81
Q

What are the three assumed reasons why female athletes have more knee injury

A
  1. fluctuation in hormones during menstrual cycle –> compromize ACL strength
  2. knee anatomy – joint laxity
  3. dynamic neuromuscular imbalance –> imbalanced strength, proprioception, landing mechanics
82
Q

What are the two major adaptations to pregnancy

A
  1. cardiovascular system and blood = increase plasma volume, Q, SV, and HR
  2. lungs = increase tidal volume and minute ventilation
83
Q

Explain exercise in individuals who are pregnant

A
  • regular endurance exercise poses little risk to the fetus and beneficial –> reduce risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia
  • pregnant should consult physician prior to beginning exercise program
84
Q

Explain the effect pregnancy has on VO2max

A
  • absolute VO2max is increased or maintained == b/c increase in plasma volume
  • combination of training and pregnancy results in greater adaptations than training alone
85
Q

What are the exercise recommendaitons for individuals who are pregnant

A

30 min/day of moderate intensity
* intensity determined by RPE or HR (HR changes so much with age and across pregnancy so not definite) OR “talk test”

86
Q

What are the three main factors that need to be checked with exercise during pregnancy

A
  • monitor body temperature to prevent hyperthermia: limit body temp increase < or equal to 1.5 degrees C, and aquatic exercise is recommended
  • maintain adequate hydration: consume fluids at regular interval, monitor fluid balance by measuring body weight
  • reduce training intensity and volume as pregnancy advances: regular examinations by physician
87
Q

explain the physiological response to acute exercise with aging

A
  • endurance performance declines after age 60
  • time of exercise increases exponentially
88
Q

What is the effect of VO2 max with aging

A

VO2max declines about 1% per year – more for women

89
Q

What is the mechanism for age related decline in endurance exercise performance

A

age –> max HR decrease, max SV decreases, (a-v) O2 difference decreases, economy and lactate threshold decreases

decline in VO2 max because driving decline in endurance exercise performance

90
Q

Explain the physiological adaptations to aerobic trainingin elderly

A

training can slow but not prevent this decline in VO2max
* trained has a higher overall VO2max with increasing age

91
Q

Explain how when you train into your 80s how it effects your VO2 max and overall independence vs. dependence and risk of mortality

A
  • if you train == individuals are much fruther from threshold of independence and have higher overall VO2 max
  • if sedentary == individuals are much closer to the threshold of independence and risk becoming immobile and a higher risk of mortality
92
Q

Explain how height changes with aging

A

height decreases with age
* starts at 35-49 years
* compression of intervertebral disks
* poor posture
* osteopenia and osteoporosis

93
Q

Explain how weight changes with aging

A

weight increases then decreases
* increase 25 to 45 years: decrease physical activity and increase caloric intake
* decrease 65+ years: loss of body mass, and decrease appetite

during 30-45 lack physical activity, from 50-70 loss of appetite

94
Q

Explain how body composition changes with aging

A
  • body fat content tends to increase: active vs. sedentary older adults vary –> older athletes decrease body fat content and decrease central adiposity
  • fat-free mass decreases starting at around 40: decrease muscle, bone mass, sarcopenia (decrease protein synthesis), inactivity, decrease in groth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1
95
Q

explain age-related muscle mass loss

A
  • after 45 there is a continuous decline in uscle mass but men will have more muscle mass
96
Q

explain the loss of strength with aging

A
  • due to lower level of activity in older adults
  • due to sarcopeia: decrease in muscle size (both type I and II), decrease in number of fibers (both type I and II), greater reduction in type II fibers with aging
97
Q

Explain what happens to reflexes with age

A
  • slow with age
  • exercise preserves reflex response time
98
Q

What happens to motor unit activation with aging

A

decreases with age
* exercise retains maximal recruitmenet of muscle
* some studies show decreases strength due to local muscle (changes fiber type) –> not neural factors

99
Q

How does bone mineral conent change with aging

A

especially among women bone mineral content decreases
* bone resorption > bone synthesis
* due to lack of weight bearing exercise

100
Q

What is the main cause for osteoporosis and how can this be improved medically

A

osteoporosis is more common in women over 50 b/c lack of estrogen
* estrogen replacement is a way to improve bone mass and stop decline

101
Q

What is the best type of exercise for bone health

A
  • weight bearing 3-5 times per week, resistance exercise 2-3 times/week
  • better with activities that involve jumping
102
Q

What are the physiological adaptations to strength training

A
  • resistance training is most effective
  • combination of resistance and balance training can reduce risk of falls
  • trained = resistance,, active = endurance
103
Q

If an indivdual has a blood pressure 124/88 what stage of blood pressure would they be in and why?

A

hypertension stage 1 == because eventhough their systolic blood pressure is normal their diastolic is within hypertension stage 1

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions