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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 10 - exam 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary respiration vs cellular respiration

A

PULMONARY RESPIRATION:
- ventilation (breathing)
- exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs
** ventilation, alveolar gas exchange, circulatory transport, systemic O2 diffusion

CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
- O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissues

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2
Q

What are the two purposes of the respiratory system during exercise

A
  • gas exchange between the environment and the body
  • regulation of acid-base balance during exercise – pH is chaining
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3
Q

What is ventilation

A

movement of air that occurs via bulk flow
- movement of molecules due to pressure difference

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4
Q

What is inspiration and what happens during this

A

when the intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atomospheric pressure

  • diaphragm pushes downward, ribs lift outwards
  • volume of lungs increase == decrease pressure inside of lungs and O2 enters
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5
Q

What is expiration and what happens during this

A

when the intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure

  • diaphragm relaxes, ribs pulled downwards
  • volume of lungs decreases = at high intensities move out air faster
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6
Q

Explain what pulmonary ventilation is (what is the other name for it)

A

also called minute ventilation (VeV, MV)

  • amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute (L/min)
    — tidal volume (Vt) = amount of air moved per breath (amplitude) in L/breath
    — breathing frequency (f) = number of breaths per minute
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7
Q

what is the equation for minute ventilation

A

Ve = Vt * f

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8
Q

What happens to tidal volume and breathing frequency during graded exercise

A

both increase as intensity increases

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9
Q

How do breath patterns change from rest to exercise

A

rest = relatively constant breaths and only inspiratory reserve volume

moderate exercise (50% VO2max) = increase tidal volume and frequency – both inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

heavy exercise (70% VO2max) = increase frequency and increase tidal volume

very heavy exercise (100% VO2max)= no change in tidal volume (b/c cant get more O2 b/c capped by anatomical size of lungs) but frequency increases

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10
Q

Inspiration and expiration is produced by what

A

contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm

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11
Q

How is ventilation controlled at rest

A

controlled by somatic motor neurons in the spinal chord and respiratory control center in medulla oblongata

– somatic NS = release ACh onto target organ

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12
Q

What are the two types of input to the respiratory control center

A

1) Neural imput
2) Humoral chemoreceptors

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13
Q

Explain the neural imput that goes to the respiratory control center

A

from motor cortex and skeletal muscle mechanoreceptors
- muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint pressure receptors == if stimulated you will breathe more

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14
Q

All neural imput causing contraction of muscles sends signal to respiratory center to do what

A

increase respiration

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15
Q

explain the humoral chemoreceptors (two)

A

** humoral = components found in blood

  • Central chemoreceptors: CNS
    — located in the medulla = CSF protecting the area
    — PCO2 and H+ (cause change in pH) concentration in CSF — sense partial pressure change by the CNS
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors: PNS
    — aortic and carotid bodies
    — PO2, PCO2, H+ (effect pH), and K+ in blood === change in partial pressure of any of these – w/ PCO2 and PO2 altitude changes preference for chemoreceptors
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16
Q

Explain the 4 steps of how the central and peripheral chemoreceptors are activated and effect inspiration and expiration

A

1) stimulus: Central and peripheral chemoreceptors and signals from active muscles (neural imput) stimulate inspiratory center

2) response: external intercostal muscle and diaphragm contract

3) stimulus: stretching of the lungs triggers expiratory center

4) Response: intercostal and abdominal muscles contract == thoracic volume decrease and force air out of lungs

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17
Q

Ventilatory control during submax exercise is primarily mediated by what type of input

A

neural input

  • greatest input in ventialtion at beginning due to neural input — maintained with humoral and level off
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18
Q

What are the 4 factors that effect the ventilatory control during submax exercise

A

1) higher brain centers
2) peripheral chemoreceptors
3) respiratory muscles
4) skeletal muscle — chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

Explain the ventilatory control stimulus and where it comes from during exercise and recovery

A

EXERCISE:
-neural then humoral activation

RECOVERY:
- decline of neural then humoral deactivation

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20
Q

what does the subscript mean with the partial pressure

A

location

PeCO2 = expired oxigenation
PaO2 = arteries

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21
Q

explain the flow of blood through the pulmonary system

A

1) pulmonary artery receives mixed venous blood from the right ventricles
2) oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
3) low pressure system with a rate of blood flow equal to the systemic circut

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22
Q

What happens if the pressure is too high in the lungs

A

push fluid into the lungs = hard to breathe b/c less availablity of o2 exchange in alveoli

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23
Q

Explain the blood flow to the lung (specifically where in the lung)

A
  • at REST (standing): blood flow is to the base of the lung (gravity)
  • EXERCISE (standing): blood flow increases to top of lung
    === increases O2 consumption availability

lowest blood flow to top of lungs and most at middle-bottom — w/ exercise just increase blood flow

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24
Q

Explain the gas exchange at each step:

  • alveolar gas exchange
  • gas transport
  • systemic gas exchange
A
  • alveolar gas exchange: O2 loading and CO2 unloading
  • gas transport: O2 carried from alveoli to systemic tissues, CO2 carried from systemic tissues to alveoli
  • systemic gas exchange: O2 unloading, CO2 loading
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25
Q

What is the function of pulmonary capillaries with the flow of blood

A

= slows down blood flow for gas exchange === HIGHLY VASCULARIZED

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26
Q

what is the ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

(V/Q) – you want V/Q to be about 1
– Va = rate of ventilation (at the alveoli)
– Q - rate of perfusion (blood going past alveoli)

  • indicate matching of blood flow to ventilation (> 0.5 is good)
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27
Q

What is the difference between being underperfused vs overperfused relative to ventilation

A

Underperfused: ventilation > blood flow (usually at the top of the lungs)

Overperfused: ventilation < blood flow (usually at the bottom of the lungs
— perfusion usually around 0.4

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28
Q

Explain exercise-induced asthma

A

contraction of smooth muscle around airway (bronchospasm) and mucus in airways during or post-exercise

Symptoms:
- labored breathing (dyspena)
- wheezing

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29
Q

what are the effects of ventilation and perfusion rate of someone with asthma or airway obstruction

A
  • decrease in ventilation
  • perfusion rate below 1 (ventilation < blood flow)
30
Q

With asthma explain what happens at the alveoli

A
  • reduced alveolar ventilation with excessive perfusion — V/Q <1
  • low PO2 and high PCO2 in alveoli
  • pulmonary arterioles constrict in order to match decrease in ventilation
    —– B/C MUST BE CLOSE TO 1 FOR CORRECT BLOOD FLOW
    – reduced alveolar ventilation, reduced perfusion
31
Q

With asthma explain what happens at the alveoli

A
  • enhanced alveolar ventilation with low perfusion — V/Q > 1
  • high PO2 and low PCO2 in alveoli
  • pulmonary arterioles dilate to allow more perfusion
  • enhanced alveolar ventilation and enhanced perfusion
32
Q

What is pulmonary capillary transit time

A

amount of time it takes for RBC to move through alveoli

33
Q

What type of exercise improves ventilatory-perfusion ratio?

A

low to moderate intensity exercise

34
Q

What is the result of high intentisty exercise on ventilatory perfusion ratio

A

slight V/Q inequlaity

  • issues w/ V/Q relationship because dont have time to change partial pressure of O2 in alveoli
  • RBC move too fast to absorb complete amount of O2 to saturate – decrease O2 perfusion
35
Q

how is oxygen transported through the body

A

99% of O2 transported is bound to hemoglobin

36
Q

What are the two types of hemoglobin

A
  1. oxyhemoglobin: Hb bound to O2
  2. deoxyhemoglobin: Hb not bound to O2
37
Q

the amount of O2 that can be transported per until volume of blood is dependent on what

A

dependent on concentration of Hemoglobin

  • hemoglobin concentration
  • arterial O2 saturation
  • amount dissolved in plasma
38
Q

What is the equation for oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

deoxyhemoglobin + O2 <-> oxyhemoglobin

39
Q

The direction that the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve depends on what two factors

A
  1. PO2 of the blood
  2. affinity between Hb and O2
  • if you decrease partial pressure == drive equation to the left
40
Q

at the lung a high PO2 causes the formation of what in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

formation of oxyhemoglobin (loading O2)

41
Q

at the tissues (skeletal muscles) a low PO2 causes the formation of what in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Low PO2 = release of O2 to tissues (unloading)

42
Q

On an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve explain what is happening on the steep and flat portions at what PO2 and how do you find the (a-v) O2 difference

A

On the steep portion oxygen is being dropped off and at the flat portion O2 is being uptaken by the hemoglobin

  • find (a-v) o2 difference by finding difference between the arterial PO2 and the tissue VO2
43
Q

why do you want small changes in the partial pressure

A

becasue it causes large changes in the saturation

44
Q

What is the effect of Ph on the O2-Hb dissociation curve

A
  • decreased pH lowers Hb-O2 affinity == more hemoglobin dissociation – cause confirmational change and lower affinity for O2
  • “righward” shift of the curve (Bohr effect) === favor offloading of O2 to the tissues
45
Q

How does H+ directly interact with hemoglobin

A

witih high H+ due to exercise, H+ bind to hemoglobin == reduce its O2 transport capacity

46
Q

How does the O2-Hb graph shift with high and low pH changes

A

low pH = shift rightward
high pH = shift leftward

47
Q

How does temperature effect the O2-Hb dissociation curve

A

allow O2 to be delivered more easily
- increased blood temperature owers Hb-O2 affinity
- restults in “righward” shift o fthe curve

48
Q

Physiologically how does temperature cause faster deliverance of O2 to tissues

A

at an increased temperature = weakens bond b/t O2 and hemoglobin == assist unleading of O2 to working muscle

49
Q

How does 2-3 DPG effect the O2-Hb dissociation curve

A
  • DPG is the byproduct of RBC glycolysis
  • may result in “righward” shift of the curve
  • – during altitude exposure
  • – not major cause of righward shift during exercise
50
Q

how does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation shift with exercise

A

shift right with exercise
* more (a-v) O2 difference – lower saturation = more O2 to the muscles

51
Q

a rightward shift in O2 hemoblobin dissociaton curve during exercise causes what

A
  • unloading becomes easier at the muscles
52
Q

Explane how the (a-v) O2 conent during exercise changes

A
  • with more oxygen uptake the O2 content decreases == greater (a-v) O2 difference

ex. artery with 20mL O2 per 100mL blood -(goes to)-> vein now with 15 mL O2 per 100 mL blood

vs.

artery with 20mL O2 per 100mL blood -(goes to)-> vein now with 5 mL O2 per 100 mL blood

at exercise you will have greater uptake of O2 into muscles

53
Q

What does myoglobin do

A

shuttle O2 from the cell membrane (from the blood) to the mitochondria of skeletal and cardiac muscle

54
Q

What is the myoglobin content in different types of muscle fibers: type I vs type IIx

A

myoglobin higher in type I than type IIx because type I is for endurance training == less fatigue —> less myoglobin in type IIx

55
Q

Does myoglobin or hemoglobin have a higher affinity for O2

A

Myoglobin has higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin
- binds O2 and very low PO2

56
Q

Explain the dissociation curves for myoglobin and hemoglobin

A
  • myoglobin curve has steep slope upwards and reaches plateau fast == during steep curve myoglobin is unloading – during plateau myoglobin is loading
  • hemoglobin curve == less steep slope that begins ot plateau around 50% PO2 == during steep slope hemoglobin is unloading – during plateau myoglobin is loading
57
Q

the venous blood at around 40% PO2 on the hemoglobin vs myoglobin graph shows what

A

lower oxygenation == lower PO2 because comsuming more O2 at the tissue - O2 is leaving blood vessels and going inside tissues

(O2 leaving blood = lower PO2)

58
Q

Explain how myoglobin effects the oxygen deficit and EPOC graph

A
  • myoglobin serves as a reserve for O2 == during transition period from rest to exercise
  • at end of exercise (beginning of EPOC) - myoglobin stores are replenished – fill up myoglobin quickly with O2 to “store” == this O2 consumption above rest contributes to O2 debt (EPOC)
59
Q

explain how CO2 is transported in the blood in 3 warys

A
  1. 10% dissolved in plasma
  2. 20% boud to hemoglobin (
  3. 70% as bicarb (HCO3-) == becasue you want to get rid of bicarb faster
60
Q

What is the equation for bicarbonate buffering

A

CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) <–> HCO3- + H+ (bicarbonate + hydrogen ion)

61
Q

where is CO2 the highest

A

in the tissues == b/c of metabolism

62
Q

How does CO2 transport from the blood to the lung

A
  1. CO2 dissolved in plasma diffuses to alveoli
  2. Hemoglobin + CO2 delivers CO2 into the alveoli
  3. bicarb and H+ convert to H2CO3 convert to CO2 and H2O using bicarb buffering

EXHALATION

63
Q

What is given a biproduct of CO2 with ventilation and acid-base balance

A

high H2CO3 from the muscles

64
Q

increased ventilation results in what regarding CO2

A

restults in CO2 exhalation
- reduces PCO2 (increase pH as hyperventilate – exhale more CO2) and H+ concentration

65
Q

Decreased ventilation results in what regarding CO2

A

results in buildup of CO2

  • high CO2 = high H+ which means low pH
66
Q

What two things happen to ventialtion and arterial gases during the transition from rest to moderate submax steady state exercise

A
  1. Po2 and PCO2 are relatively unchanged – slight decrease due to offload of O2 from myoglobin
  2. initially, ventilaiton increases rapidly then slower, steady rise to steady state
67
Q

What changes in ventilation and blood glases during prolonged exercise in heat

A
  • little change in PCO2 == higher ventilation not due to high PCO2 – drivt in ventilaiton - moving anatomical deadspace (short shallow breaths w/ little gas exchange
  • ventilation tends to drift upwards = increased blood temperature affects respiratory control center

** drift in O2 = high ventilation for thermoregulation

68
Q

explain the change in pulmonary ventilation during graded exercise and why does this effect happen

A

Ventilatory threshold Tvent = inflection point where Ve increases exponentially

  • increase in ventilation b/c body needs to exhale more CO2 to decrease H+ ion concentration
69
Q

explain the effects of graded exercise in untrained individual on: Ventilation, Arterial PO2, Arterial PCO2, Venout PO2, and arterial pH

A
  • ventilation gradually increases w/ increase intensity
  • arterial PO2 stays constant @ 100
  • arterial PCO2 stays constant and then at highest intensity it decreases b/c of high exhalation (hyperventilation) increase CO2 exhale
  • Venous PO2 decreases b/c w/ more exercise muscle is uptaking more O2 for ATP
  • arterial pH remains constant and then decreases == because of bicarb buffering
70
Q

Explain what is effected by graded exercise in a trained subject

A
  • mechanical limitations of the lung == high ventilation during max exercise = high risk for respiratory fatigue – too much blood to the lungs and not enough for the legs
  • respiratory muscle fatigue during prolonged high intensity exercise
  • exercise induced arterial hypoexemia (EIAH)
71
Q

Explain exercise induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH)

A
  • at high intensity there is a high desaturation of O2 in the arteries
  • for elite athletes they have continuous high SV that causes exhaustion
  • at VO2 max = PO2 significantly dropped
72
Q
A

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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