Chapter 9: English Conventions, Composition

Question 1

Affixes

Answer 1

Morphemes that are attached to a root or base word.

Two Kinds:
Prefixes
Suffixes

Question 2

Suffixes

Answer 2

• Do not change meaning of the base

- Do change the word’s number and tense

Question 3

Inflectional Suffixes

Answer 3

-Added to nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

Nouns:
-Plural words by adding "s" or "es"
--Many cats or many houses.
Possessives including the adding of "s" or pronoun forms.
--Her cat's paw or his houses.

Verbs:

• Indicating verb tense such as add “s” or “es” or “ed” or “en” or “ing”:
• -She skates well.
• -She skated well.
• -She’s skating well.

Adjectives and Adverbs:

• Comparatives such as “er”
• -He’s the faster runner of the two.
• Superlatives by adding “est”
• -He’s the fastest runner I’ve ever seen.

Question 4

Derivational Suffixes

Answer 4

• Do not significantly change the base of a word bu they can affect a word’s grammatical function or the words basic semantic meaning.
• “ly” “-ate” and “ion.”
• -quickly
• -delegate, dictate, delicate
• -eviction, subtraction

Question 5

Capitalize

Answer 5

Words use as names or parts of names.

Did Uncle Max call my mom to tell her our grandfather is with Dad?

Question 6

Separator commas

Answer 6

Used to split or separate three or more elements in a series.

“Next week I have to work late on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday.”

Question 7

Delimiter commas

Answer 7

Used to set off or set apart elements in a sentence.

“Consequently, working late will result in little or no sleep.”

Question 8

Parenthetical commas

Answer 8

used to separate parenthetical expressions..

-Parenthetical expressions give extra information, but are not essential to the sentence.

“In his research, he says, he found many reasons why students are late to class.”

Question 9

Clarity commas

Answer 9

Can be used to bring a clearer meaning to a though or sentence.

-Sometimes commas can be inserted into a sequence of words to bring about a clearer meaning.

“Those who can, teach; others write.”
-without the commas in between the words (can) and (teach), this statement makes no sense.

Question 10

Using Colons

Answer 10

Can be used to separate numbers, introduce logical consequence, introduce descriptions, introduce appositions, introduce a direct speech, separate titles, and separate periodic sentences.

• The concert finished at 10:15 p.m. instead of its usual 10:00 p.m.
• Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
• There was only one possible explanation: the writer never got on the train.
• I have three sisters: Katie, Kathy, and Karen.

Introduce a sentence with the role of apposition (the relationship between two or more words or ideas -My Fair Lady [Fair is apposition to Lady]) with respect to the previous statement
- Michael could not speak: he was poisoned.

Speech in a dialogue/script
Son: Mom, where is my belt?
Mom: You’re wearing it!

Question 11

Using Semicolons

Answer 11

1) Between closely-related independent clauses.
- “I went to the gym so I could work out; I was told it was closed for scheduled maintenance.

2) Between independent clauses linked with a transitional phrase or conjunctive adverb.
- “I like to eat cows; however, I don’t like to be chased by them.”

3) Between items in a listing containing internal punctuation.
- “He was deceiving three women: Karen, who came from New Zealand; Linda, the milkman’s daughter; and Kelly, a waitress from down the street.

Question 12

Simple Forms

Answer 12

Completed actions

PRESENT (unchanging, repeated, recurring)

• “The skyscrapers (are) tall and gray.”
• “Every year, the school council (elects) new members.”
• “Pb (is) the chemical symbol for lead.”

PAST (started and finished)

• “WWII (ended) in 1945.
• “Ernest Hemingway (wrote) ‘For Whom the Bells Tolls.’”

FUTURE

• “The speaker of the House (will finish) her term in May of 1998.
• “The surgeon (will perform) the first bypass tomorrow.”

Question 13

Progressive Forms

Answer 13

Ongoing action

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
“The researcher (is examining) the effects that racial discrimination has on society.”

PAST PROGRESSIVE (happening with another action occurred)
"The explorer (was explaining) the latest discovery in physics when protests began on the streets."

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
“Dr. Payne (will be presenting) ongoing research on community-school engagement next week.”

Question 14

Perfect Forms

Answer 14

Indefinite time has/have with past participle

PRESENT PERFECT
“The education researchers (have traveled) to many countries in order to collect more significant data.”

“Women (have voted) in presidential elections since 1921.”

PAST PERFECT
““By the time the surge of soldiers arrived, the war (had ended).

FUTURE PERFECT
“By the time the surge of soldiers arrives, the combat group (will have spent) several weeks waiting.”