Chapter 9- Emotions Flashcards
what are emotions
feelings or affects triggered in important situations
what are emotions controlled by
limbic system
- amygdala and prefontal cortex
what are the basic emotions
happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, fear, interest
what emotion develops at one month
smiles- possibly reflex
what emotion develops at two-three month
social smiles
what emotion develops at 4-6 month
anger
what emotion develops at six months
fear, stranger anxiety
what are complex or self consicous emotions
pride, shame, guilt, embarrasment, empathy, despair, jealousy
when can complex emotions develop
18-24 months when a sense of self develops
what is the least understood emotion
disgust
psychological change
increase in blood pressure, face flushing red
overt behaviours
facial expressions, tone of voice
how does language help with understanding emotions
words help distinguish self from others and describe abstract emotional states
How do emotions change later in development?
Increased complexity, abstract thinking, emotions like regret and relief appear around age 9
How do cultural differences affect emotion expression?
Universally experienced emotions, but expression differs. Asian cultures may encourage restraint; Western cultures may encourage outward expression.
When do infants start recognizing emotions?
6 months: distinguish happy from sad faces
12 months: use caregiver’s emotions to decide how to act (social referencing)
What are early emotion regulation strategies in infants?
Thumb-sucking, holding a blanket, looking away from unpleasant scenes.
How does cognitive development improve emotion regulation?
Attention diversion
reexamination of emotional events
What is temperament?
Emotional reactivity and regulation, including categories: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
What is Kagan’s theory of behavioral inhibition?
Some infants show inhibition to the unfamiliar starting at 7–9 months, consistent up to 7 years
What are Rothbart’s (2011) 3 dimensions of temperament?
Extraversion/surgency
Negative affect
Effortful control
easy child
usually happy, well adjusting, stick to routine
40%
difficult child
unhappy, irregular routine, responds intensly
10%
slow to warm up child
low activity child, low mood
15%
What is the role of heredity in temperament?
MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins; traits like negative affect are more heritable.
What is “goodness of fit”?
How well a child’s temperament matches environmental demands; training can help parents adapt
What gene is implicated in temperament?
DRD4 gene, associated with attention, motivation, reward; certain variants affect environmental sensitivity
What did Kitayama et al. (2014) find about cultural self-perception?
Americans drew themselves largest, Japanese smallest, reflecting independent vs. interdependent values.
How do gene x culture interactions shape temperament?
Genes and culture influence orientation (independent vs. interdependent), which shapes emotional development.
