Chapter 8: Language Flashcards
phonemes
smallest unit of sounds that are important in language
what is the number one predictor of reading ability
phonemic awareness
morphemes
smallest units that convey meaning
- pre and suffixes can be morphemes even though they are not words
semantics
meaning of words- definitions
- also represents conventions and societal norms
syntax
rules for combining words
- subject, verb, object…
pragmatics
communicative functions of language- rules that lead to effective communication
- turn taking
- nodding
- eye roll
sensitivity to exposure in language
- after hearing a repeated word, 7.5 month olds listen longer to sentences with that word
statistical inference
8 month olds are sensitive to statistical regularities in speech sounds
how was statisrical inference tested
exposed to nonsense words for 3 mins
- then presented with a random combo or nonsense word
- dishabituated to random combos and not words indicating the words were learned
what letter is easier for 9 month olds to identify when preceeding a s
d rather than t
when do gestures emerge
8-12 months
- bye bye
- nodding
- pointing
joint attention
ability for adult and infant to pay attention to the same tertiary object or person
when do babies have 1 word utterances
6-15 months
- mean is 13 months
how many words at 18 months
50
2 word utterances
18-24 months
3 word utterances
2-3 year olds
when do children create novel word combos
3-4 years
vocab spurt
stage in which infants learn new words and objects more rapidly than before
number of words in vocab spurt
10 words
when does the vocab spurt occur
18-20 months
fast mapping
connect new words to objects without considering all possible meanings; more a description of reference
one to one mapping
one word per object
cross cultural differences in learning words
infants learning mandarin, chines, korean aquire more verbs earlier than english learning kids
underextension
defining a word too narrowly
- mommy is not just your mommy but others also have mommy
overextension
using a word too broadly
- doggie for all animals
when are early errors common
ages 1-3
mastery in morphology
- children in preschool and grade 1
- understand rules enough and apply to other words
optimal learning opportunities
frequent exposure to words- reading
interesting context
responsive and interactive context
responsive teaching and parenting
diversity in grammar and vocab
