Chapter 9 Electricity Flashcards
1
Q
Defining Electric Current
A
- is the flow of charge carriers and is measured in units of amperes (A) or amps
- Charge can be either positive or negative
- When two oppositely charged conductors are connected together (by a length of wire), charge will flow between the two conductors, causing a current
2
Q
In electrical wires, the current is a flow of
A
- electrons
- Electrons are negatively charged; they flow away from the negative terminal of a cell towards the positive terminal
3
Q
Conventional current is defined as the flow
A
- of positive charge from the positive terminal of a cell to the negative terminal
- This is the opposite to the direction of electron flow, as conventional current was described before electric current was really understood
4
Q
Current is measured using an
A
- ammeter
- Ammeters should always be connected in series with the part of the circuit you wish to measure the current through
5
Q
Quantisation of Charge
A
- The charge on charge carriers is quantised
- Charge comes in definite bits
- e.g. a single proton has a single positive charge, whereas a single electron has a single negative charge
- the quantity of charge can be quantised dependent on how many protons or electrons are present
- positive and negative charge has a definite minimum magnitude and always comes in multiples of that magnitude
- This means that if we say something has a given charge, the charge is always a multiple of the charge of an electron by convention
- The charge of an electron is -1.60 × 10-19 C
- The charge of a proton by comparison is 1.60 × 10-19 C (this is known as the elementary charge, denoted by e and measured in Coulombs (C) )
6
Q
Calculating Electric Charge
A
- Q = IT
- Q=charge(c)
- I=Current (A)
- t=Time(s)
7
Q
Current in a Current Carrying Conductor is due to?
A
- In a conductor, current is due to the movement of charge carriers
- These charge carriers can be negative or positive, however the current is always taken to be in the same direction
- In conductors, the charge carrier is usually free electrons
8
Q
The drift speed
A
- is the average speed the charge carriers are travelling through the conductor. You will find this value is quite slow. However, since the number density of charge carriers is so large, we still see current flow happen instantaneously
- The current can be expressed in terms of:
- number density (number of charge carriers per unit volume) n
- the cross-sectional area A
- the drift speed v
- the charge of the charge carriers q
9
Q
Current in a conductor equation
A
- I=Anvq
- I=current (A)
- A=cross sectional area(m^2)
- n=number density of charge carriers (m^-3)
- v= average drift speed on charge carriers (ms^-1)
- q=charge of each charge carrier (m^-3)
-The same equation is used whether the charge carriers are positive or negative
10
Q
Defining Potential Difference
A
- A cell makes one end of the circuit positive and the other negative. This sets up a potential difference (d) across the circuit
- The potential difference across a component in a circuit is defined as the energy transferred per unit charge flowing from one point to another
- The energy transfer is from electrical energy into other forms
- Potential difference is measured in volts (V). This is the same as a Joule per coulomb (J C-1)
- The potential difference of a power supply connected in series is always shared between all the components in the circuit
11
Q
a voltmeter
A
- Potential difference or voltage is measured using a voltmeter
- A voltmeter is always set up in parallel to the component you are measuring the voltage for
12
Q
Calculating Potential Difference
A
- The potential difference is defined as the energy transferred per unit charge
- Another measure of energy transfer is work done
- Therefore, potential difference can also be defined as the work done per unit charge
V= W/Q
13
Q
Calculating Electrical Power
A
- Power P was defined as the rate of doing work
- Potential difference is the work done per unit charge
- Current is the rate of flow of charge
P=IV
14
Q
Power equation in terms of resistance
A
- -Using V = IR to rearrange for either V or I and substituting into the power equation means we also write power in terms of resistance R
- P= I^2R
- P=V^2/R
15
Q
Defining Resistance
A
- Resistance is defined as the opposition to current
- For a given potential difference: The higher the resistance the lower the current
- -Wires are often made from copper because copper has a low electrical resistance.
- This is also known as a good conductor
- The resistance R of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the potential difference V across to the current I in it