Chapter 9: Diabetes Exam 1

Question 1

“Normal” Glucose Metabolism

Answer 1

-Food enters stomach, broken down into carbohydrates, fats, & proteins
-Carbohydrate broken into glucose
-Glucose enters bloodstream elevating blood sugar levels
-Beta cells of the pancreas release insulin
-Insulin binds to receptor sites on target cells
-Glucose enters cell & burned for energy or stored away in liver and muscles as glycogen
-Excess glucose not stored as glycogen is stored as body fat (triglycerides)
-Insulin releases slow, blood glucose normalizes 2-4 hrs post meal

Question 2

What happens with Type I diabetes?

Answer 2

-Only 5-10% of diabetics
-Destroys beta cells in pancreas
-Beta cells produce little or no insulin
-Cell doors remain locked
-Hyperglycemia continues to rise
-Need to inject insulin

Question 3

What happens with Type II diabetes?

Answer 3

-90-95% of diabetics
-Beta cells produce enough insulin
-Body cells don’t recognize insulin & doors remain locked
-Hyperglycemia
-Hyperinsulinemia
-Beta cells wear out & can’t produce enough insulin to overcome cellular resistance
-Need to inject/take insulin secreting meds

Question 4

What does exercise do?

Answer 4

-Causes body cells to decrease insulin resistance resulting in greater uptake of blood glucose into muscle cells
-Less insulin is needed to lower blood glucose
-Effects of improved insulin action can last up to 48 hours after exercise as glucose uptake
-Applies to both moderate and vigorous aerobic and resistance training but to a larger degree to vigorous exercise

Question 5

How Effective is Exercise?

Answer 5

Moderate to vigorous exercise is more effective on glucose control than diet, weight loss, medications or a combination of all these lifestyle changes

Question 6

Blood Glucose Values: A1C

Answer 6

-Measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months
-Measures the percentage of hemoglobin proteins that are coated with sugar

Question 7

Blood Glucose Values: Fasting Blood Sugar Test

Answer 7

Measures the amount of glucose in your blood after fasting for at least 8 hours

Question 8

Blood Glucose Values: Glucose Tolerance Test

Answer 8

-Measures how your body processes sugar
-Fast overnight and then drink a liquid containing 75 grams of glucose
-Have blood drawn at regular intervals
-Used to diagnose diabetes