Chapter 7: Cardiovascular Disease Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the strongest amount of cases in Cardiovascular Disease?
Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke
Heart Pumping Averages
-100,000 beats per day
-36,000,000 times per year
-2.5 billion times in average lifetime
Heart Structure: Four Chambers
Two Upper Chambers (Atria) & Two Lower Chambers (Ventricles)
Heart Structure: Four Valves
-Tricuspid Valve
-Bicuspid (Mitral Valve)
-Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve
-Aortic Semi Lunar Valve
Heart Structure: Three Arteries
-Right Pulmonary Artery
-Left Pulmonary Artery
-Ascending & Descending Aorta
Heart Structure: Myocardium
Heart Muscle
Pulmonary Circulation
Deoxygenated blood on the right side
Systemic Circulation
Oxygenated blood on the left side
What is the heart beat you heard caused by?
The closing of the Tricuspid & Bicuspid Valves “lub” and closing of the pulmonary & aortic valves “dub”
What is the Main Purpose of the Atria and Ventricles?
Reservoirs for blood
What parts of the body are considered the Cardiovascular System?
Heart, Lungs, & Blood Vessels
Purposes of the Cardiovascular System
-Delivers oxygen
-Removes waste products
-Transports nutrients, hormones, & enzymes
-Regulates body temp, water & pH levels
-Circulates blood
Systolic vs. Diastolic
-Systole=contraction
-Diastole=Relaxation
Cardiac Cycle
One cycle of Systole & Diastole
Normal Resting Heart Rate
60-100 BPM
Abnormal Rate
-Tachycardia= Too Fast
-Bradycardia= Too Slow
Normal Rhythm
Sinus Rhythm
Abnormal Rhythm (Arrhythmias)
Atria beat out of coordination with the ventricles
Common Arrhythmias
-PAC’s/PVS’s
-A-Fib
-Atrial Flutter
PAC’s/PVC’s
Premature Atrial or Ventricular contractions
A-Fib
Atria fire rapidly at the same time causing an irregular and often rapid heart rate
Atrial Flutter
Rapid contractions of the Atria
Angina
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood
Cardiovascular Disease Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
-Race & Ethnicity
-Age
-Gender
-Genetic Factors
Cardiovascular Disease Modifiable Risk Factors
-Smoking
-Diabetes Mellitus
-Physical Inactivity
-Obesity
-High Cholesterol
-High BP
-Alcohol Abuse
-High Protein
-Psychosocial Stress
Smoking Chemicals
-7,000+ chemicals
-250 harmful chemicals
-69 cancer causing chemicals
Hypertension
-Essential=no known cause(90-95%)
-Secondary=due to disease process (kidney & adrenal disease)
-Damages blood vessels
-Contributes to CAD & atherosclerotic plaque build-up
-Increase risk of aneurysm
-Makes heart work harder and increases risk of heart failure
General Aerobic Exercise Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease
-Frequency: at least 3, preferably up to 5 days per week
-Intensity: moderate to vigorous, HITT training may be good, many ways to determine intensity
-Time: progressively increase to 20-60min, warm-up & cool-down activities of 5-10min each session
-Type: rhythmic, large muscle group exercise emphasizing increased caloric expenditure such as treadmill
General Resistance Training Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease
-Frequency: 2-3 days with minimum 48 hrs recovery per muscle group
-Intensity: 40-60% of 1RM or a weight that can be lifted 10-15 repetitions without undue fatigue (RPE 3-6)
-Time: 1-3 sets of 8-10 exercises on major muscle groups, progress to multiple sets as tolerated, 1-2min rest between sets
-Type: anything that provides resistance & is safe & comfortable
Special Considerations for Stroke (CVA)
-Use equipment and exercises that promote safety
-Start with non-weight bearing exercises and progress depending on functional and cognitive abilities
-Limit top-end intensity to 70% of HRR 4-5 RPE or Talk Test
Special Considerations for Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
-Use moderate intensity 40-59% or 7 on 1-10 RPE scale
-Use intermittent free-walking or treadmill walking with seated rest when moderate pain is reached and resume when pain is totally gone
-Limit time to 30-45min excluding rest periods for at least 12 weeks & gradually progress to 60 min
-2-3sets of 8-12reps
-Use longer 10-15min warm-up & cool-down
Special Considerations for Hypertension (HTN)
-Use moderate intensity 40%-59% of HRR, an RPE of 4-5 or the talk test
-Greater than or equal to 30 min of aerobic exercise
-2-4 sets of 8-12reps
-Monitor BP pre/post exercise
-Don’t exceed SBP of 220mmHg and/or DBP of 105mmHg during exercise
-Don’t exercise if SBP >180 mmHg & DBP > 110mmHg
-Avoid Valsalva maneuver when lifting weights
Special Considerations for Overweight/Obesity/ Dyslipidemia/Metabolic Syndrome
-Weight loss of 2-3% can reduce several CVD risk factors
-Focus on weight loss by maximizing caloric expenditure with exercise and reducing caloric intake through portion control
-Increase duration of exercise to 60min or more per day, 5-7 days per week
-2-4 sets of 8-12reps
-Diet and exercise results in a 20% greater weight loss than diet restriction alone
When should someone cease exercise and seek immediate medical attention?
-New or recurring angina
-Unusual SOB
-Unusual BP response
-Heart arrhythmias
-Dizziness or light-headedness
True or False: Frequency and duration should be increased before intensity as tolerated
True
