Chapter 9 - Cognitive Development Flashcards
Preoperational stage: 1 - preconceptual substage
Define egocentrism and animism.
Egocentrism: thinking that does not aAcknowledge the viewpoints of others.
Animism: The believe that in animate objects have lifelike qualities such as thoughts, feelings, and intentions etc.
Preoperational stage: 2 - Intuitive Thought Substage.
Define conservation as well as its causes centration and irreversibility.
Conservation: The idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearances change.
Centration: Understanding is centered, focussing on one aspect of the situation, neglecting other important features because they are distracted by the perceptual appearance of objects.
Irreversibility: Inability to mentally go through a series of steps and then reverse direction.
Vygoski’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development
Effective social interaction to promote cognitive development requires…
- Intersubjectivity: The process by which two participants who begin a task with different understandings arrive at a shared understanding by adjusting their speech
- Scaffolding: Adjust the support offered during the teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance
Guided participation: Shared endeavours between more and less expert participants; varies across situations and cultures
What is the difference between recognition and recall?
Recognition: Ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same or similar to the one they have seen before; preschoolers are skilled at recognition
Recall: Generate a mental image of an absent stimulus; associated to language development; preschoolers are not skilled at this
Memory: describe scripts and the two forms of memory.
Scripts: General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation
Episodic memory: Everyday experiences
Autobiographical memory: Representation of personally meaningful, one time events
Problem solving: define overlapping-waves theory.
Overlapping-Waves Theory: When giving challenging problems, children try out various strategies and observe the outcomes
Define theory of mind.
Theory of mind: understanding of the mental state of the self and others.
Define the difference between emergent literacy and phonological awareness.
Emergent literacy: children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
Phonological awareness: ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structures of spoken language
Define the difference between cardinality and ordinality.
Cardinality: rule that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set; grasp by age 4
Ordinality: order relationship between quantities; begin to grasp in toddlerhood
Define the three types of child-care.
Child-Centered Programs: teachers provide activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play
Academic programs: teachers structure children’s learning through formal lessons, often using repetition
Montessori: developed by child researcher Maria Montessori for poor children; structure that promotes exploration and discovery, long periods of individual and small-group learning in child-chosen activities, equal emphasis on academic and social development
Describe fast-mapping.
Connecting new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter
Define Syntactic bootstrapping
Observing how words are used in the structure of sentences (syntax)
Define over-regularization (grammar).
Overextend the rules of grammar to words that are exceptions
Describe Semantic bootstrapping
Young children rely on words meanings (semantics) to figure out grammatical rules
Describe pragmatics.
Rules of effective and appropriate conversation as well as the social rules
