Chapter 10 - Emotional & Social Development

Question 1

Define prosocial behaviour.

Answer 1

Actions that benefit another person without any expected self-reward; empathy serves as a motivator

Question 2

Name the types of play.

Answer 2

1. Nonsocial activity: solitary play
2. Parallel play: plays near other children but does not try to influence
3. Associative play: engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behaviour
   Cooperative play: children work towards a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme

Question 3

What are the cultural variations of peer relations?

Answer 3

Village/tribal cultures: interpretive play, reflecting everyday roles and experiences

Industrialized/urban cultures: inventive play, generating make-believe scenarios unconstrained by experience

Question 4

What is inductive discipline (psychoanalytic perspective on morality)?

Answer 4

Adult helps make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehaviour of others.

Question 5

What are moral imperatives, social conventions, and matters of personal choice (cognitive developmental perspective on morality)?

Answer 5

Moral imperatives: protect people’s rights and welfare

Social conventions: social customs

Matters of personal choice: personal choices that do not violate rights

Question 6

What are the two types of aggression?

Answer 6

Proactive: fulfill a need or desire and unintentionally attack a person to achieve their goal

Reactive: defensive response to a provocation or a blow led goal; meant to hurt another

Question 7

What is the Incredible Years?

Answer 7

A parent-training program based on social learning theory; relieving family stressors and providing families with social support to help prevent childhood aggression

Question 8

What are the theories of gender identity?

Answer 8

Social learning theory: gender-identity comes after exposure to gender-types reality

Cognitive-developmental theory: gender identity comes before exposure to gender-types reality

Gender schema theory: combination

Question 9

What are the four types of child rearing styles and their outcomes?

Answer 9

Authoritative: independent, self-assured child who thrives socially and academically

Authoritarian: dependent, passive child with weak self-esteem

Permissive: immature, irresponsible child that is easily influenced by peers

Uninvolved: impulsive child

Question 10

What are the theories of morality and what do they emphasize?

Answer 10

Psychoanalytic perspective: emotions cause moral development

Social learning theory: reinforcement & modelling cause moral development

Cognitive-development perspective: thinking causes moral development