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Bio 1201 lsu > Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Respiration basically?

A

It’s a metabolic pathway in which organic molecules are oxidized and broken down into ATP (energy)

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2
Q

What subclass of metabolic pathway is respiration?

A

Catabolic - because it breaks down organic molecules

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3
Q

What are the two types of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic - breaks down organic molecules using oxygen to make ATP
Fermentation - partially breaks down sugars without using O2

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4
Q

What’s the difference between the two types of respiration?

A

One breaks down organic molecules in presence of oxygen and one does NOT need it

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5
Q

What molecules can be the reactants in cellular respiration?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins are all molecules that can be broken down to get ATP

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6
Q

What’s one of the most common macromolecule to break down?

A

Glucose

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7
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose breaking down into ATP?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6Co2 + 6H2O +ATP

Oxygen into Co2, water’s released,energy released in form of heat+energy

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8
Q

What are the end products in cellular respiration of glucose?

A

Carbon dioxide, water molecules, energy in two forms: ATP and heat

HEAT IS NOT USABLE FORM OF ENERGY

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9
Q

Which two types of processes in aerobic respiration are performed?

A

In aerobic respiration, two types of processes are performed:
1.Reduction reactions
2.Oxidization reactions
Together, they are known as Redox reactions

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10
Q

What happens to a reactant in a reduction reaction?

A

A compound gains electrons which makes it more negative (decreased + charge)

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11
Q

What happens to a reactant in a oxidation reaction?

A

A compound loses electrons making it more +tively charged

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12
Q

In the aerobic respiration of glucose, which reactant gets oxidized and which reactant gets reduced?

A

Glucose gets oxidized
Oxygen gets reduced

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13
Q

What happens to the electrons that are given away from a compound during aerobic respiration?

A

They are transferred to another compound using electron carriers

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14
Q

What are electron carriers? What is the electron carrier’s name?

A

It’s a temporary electron acceptor that accepts electrons while transporting them to another compound

the compound is called NAD+

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15
Q

What happens when the electron carrier accepts electrons in cellular respiration?

A

The electron carrier NAD+ accept the two electrons + hydrogen. Before accepting, the NAD+ is oxidized but after receiving the two electrons, NAD+ is reduced and becomes NADH

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16
Q

When one reduced electron carrier, NADH, transfers electrons, how much worth of ATP is it carrying?

A

2.5 ATPS

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17
Q

List the major stages of cellular respiration with glucose

A

There are three major stages -
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

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18
Q

Briefly summarize what happens in Glycolysis?

A

Glucose is broken down into one pair of pyruvate

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19
Q

Briefly summarize what happens in Citric Acid Cycle?

A

pyruvate turns into Co2

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20
Q

Briefly summarize what happens in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Most of ATP is synthesized in this stage - oxygen is reduced here through NADH

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21
Q

Do all three stages of respiration of glucose occur in the same location? Explain where each stage occurs

A

No, they occur in distinct regions.
1. Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm
2. Citric Acid cycle occurs in** mitochondrial matrix**
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria

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22
Q

Where does most of the ATP synthesis occur in cellular respiration? How much percent of it exactly? What is the process called?

A

90% of it occurs during the Oxidative Phosphorylation in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
The process is called chemiosmosis

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23
Q

Where is the 10% of ATP synthesis occuring? What’s the process that synthesizes ATP?

A

During the first two stages of cellular respiration - Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle

Anaerobic Respiration which involves process of Substrate level phosphorylation

24
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation is when an ezyme binds to ADP and a substrate which converts into ATP when the product releases a phosphate that will bind to ADP to make ATP

25
Q

How many molecules are created on average in cellular respiration of glucose?

A

Around 40 ATPs

26
Q

What are the reactants and products in Glycolysis?

A

The reactants are - Glucose, NAD+ ATP
products - More ATP, pyruvate, NADH

27
Q

What exactly happens in Glycolysis?

A

In Glycolysis, the 23 sugar molecule is split into two half structures (16 sugar molecule) called pyruvate through ten steps.
In these ten steps, each substrate is catalyzed by its own enzyme.
At the same time, the phosphates are going to be chemically rearranged so that they yield higher energy later on in respiration.
During the process, NAD+ turns into NADH due to electron transfer and this electron carrier moves with pyruvate to citric acid cycle

28
Q

What happens to the products at the end of Glycolysis?

A

The two pyruvates are now transferred into the mitochondria for Citric Acid Cycle.

29
Q

Does products of glycolysis directly transition into citric acid cycle?

A

No, they go through a series of transition steps between the two processes.

30
Q

What occurs between the transition stage of glycolysis and citric acid cycle?

A

4 Carbons are cut out of pryuvate, 2 of them release in form of CO2 and 2 bind with coenzyme A to make acetyl CoA
Another NADH is also made here

31
Q

What are the products and reactants in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

The reactant is one piece of pyruvate

The products are 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 per cycle

32
Q

Does pyruvate go into Citric Acid cycle in pairs or by itself?

A

it goes by itself into the cycle, so the citric acid cycle does 2 rounds per glucose

33
Q

What happens in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

There are 8 steps in the cycle,
Acetyl CoA goes into the mitochondria to form Citrate + Oxaloacetate, oxidizes three NAD+, loses two Carbons as Co2 and oxidizes two FAD into FADH2.

34
Q

How many total NADHS formed so far from Glycolysis and Citric Acid cycle?

A

5 NADH

35
Q

How many FADH form in the citric acid cycle?

A

2 FADHs form

36
Q

What happens to the NADH and FADHs formed?

A

They go to electron transport chain to donate their electrons

37
Q

How are FADHs and NADH important in cellular respiration?

A

They carry the electrons that are used to reduce oxygen and as a result, produce ATPs.
They produce the most ATP by transffering electrons

38
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

It is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria

39
Q

What happens when the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 arrive at the electron transport chain?

A

When the electron carriers arrive, they donate the carrying electrons and Hydrogen ion into the protein complex.

The electrons go through each protein complex which pumps out protons (H+) outside each Protein creating a protein gradient.

The electrons then are donated to Oxygen (O2) to reduce them and turn them into H2O

40
Q

What is the protein complex made up of? Where is it located?

A

The protein complex is made up of 4 protein membranes located at the inner membrane layer between mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space

41
Q

Where are H+ / protons pumped out?

A

Into the intermembrane space of mitochondria

42
Q

What is the protein gradient formed by H+ ions going to help with?

A

It will help with ATP synthesis in the next process called Chemiosmosis

43
Q

How does the protein gradient help with ATP synthesis?

A

The H+ ions turn into a protein gradients which are now considered as stored forms of energy. The ions flow back down from the protein complex into the mitochondria.
The ions travel to ATP synthase where the electrons turn ADP into ATP

PROTEIN GRADIENT TRANSFORMS IONS INTO STORED FORM OF ENERGY

44
Q

What process occurs in ATP synthase when ions turn ADP into ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

45
Q

How many ATPs made in ATP Synthase during chemiosmosis

A

around 24-28

46
Q

Why is there no definite or set amount of ATP formed during Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Because depending on the person’s health, sometimes there are holes in the mitochondria bc of bad health which causes less electrons to be pumped across.

Sometimes NADH converts into FADHs which yield less ATPs (cytosolic NADH)

there are different ways an electron travels through electron transport chain and sometimes it doesn’t choose the most efficient route where the most amount of electrons are pumped across.

47
Q

Why is FADH2 producing less energy?

A

Because FADH2 misses going into the first protein in the protein complex during electron chain transport. This causes less electrons to be pumped and hence provides less ATP overall.

48
Q

Approximately ____ % of energy from glucose is extracted during cellular respiration which is around ____ ATPS

A

34% ; 32-38 ATPs

49
Q

Why is fermentation different than the standard cellular respiration?

A

Fermentation is a type of cellular respiration where oxygen is not present in the starting molecule. As a result, the process of fermentation differs from a regular process of cellular respiration because there is no electron chain transport

50
Q

What is fermentation basically?

A

Glycolysis + other reactions = NAD+ that synthesizes ATP

51
Q

Are there types of fermentation occuring with different reactants?

A

Yes, alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

52
Q

Fermentation is anaerobic? T/F

A

T

53
Q

What occurs after glycolysis in fermentation?

A

In glycolysis during fermentation, the absence of oxygen causes pyruvate to couple with different types of enzymes and turns into ethanol/lactate. This causes NAD+ to form as well.
(Alcohol fermentation)
Pyruvate —-> Ethanol
(Lactate fermentation)
Pyruvate ——-> Lactate

54
Q

Which organism performs fermentation?

A

Obligate anaerobes (must use fermentation)
Facultive anaerobes (can use fermentation)

55
Q

How is the cellular respiration different for fats and proteins?

A

For fats, it’s broken up into glycerol and fatty aicds
Amino acids enter from different pathways into glycolysis and the rest of the processes.

56
Q

How is the cellular respiration process regulated?

A

It’s regulated by the amount of ATPS produced:
If there’s a lot of ATPs produced, citrate from citric acid cycle will inhibit the enzyme in glycolysis through allosteric regulation
If there’s less ATP, AMP increases which increases respiration

57
Q
A

Bio 1201 lsu (16 decks)

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