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Bio 1201 lsu > Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosythesis in simple terms?

A

The conversion of sunlight into chemical energy

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2
Q

Who does photosynthesis?

A

autotrophs and plants

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3
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that can survive by eating plants, algae and protists

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4
Q

How do heterotrophs survive?

A

obtain organic materials from other organisms

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5
Q

where does photosynthesis occur in cell?

A

In chloroplasts

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5
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?

A

In interior tissue of leaves called mesophyll, where chloroplasts are located

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6
Q

What’s the structure of chloroplasts

A

They have double membranes, DNA, ribosomes, stroma (liquid), thylakoids that make up granum, chlorophyll that’s in the thylakoids

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7
Q

Where is cholophyll located and what is it’s function?

A

Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoids sacs

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8
Q

Is photosynthesis aerobic or anaerobic? what does that mean?

A

It’s anaerobic which means oxygen isn’t used as a reactant but is a product.

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9
Q

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

A

The reactants are Co2 and H2O and the products are Glucose and Oxygen

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10
Q

What’s the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

A

They are the exact opposites of each other in terms of reactants and products

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11
Q

What type of reaction is photosythesis in terms of energy?

A

It’s a endergonic reaction meaning the process’s end product is energy rather than energy being consumed. So its endergonic

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12
Q

nt

What’s the source of photosynthesis’ reactants?

A

The sun DUH

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13
Q

What are the two major phases of photosynthesis called?

A

Light and dark phases

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14
Q

Where does the light reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membranes

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15
Q

What processes occur in the light reactions?

A

They basically capture light and convert it into ATP
1. Splits H2O and releases O2 by reducing H20
2. Reduces NADP+ to NADPH
3. Generates ATP using phosphorylation

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16
Q

How is NAD+ and NADH different from one another?

A

An extra phosphate in the molecular formula seperates them

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17
Q

Which processes occur in the dark phase of photosynthesis? What occur sin this phase?

A

The Calvin Cycle; In this process, ATP and NADPH and C02 from previous stage is used to form sugars

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18
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

In the stroma

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19
Q

How is Co2 turned into sugar molecules? What’s the process called and what does it entail?

A

The carbons are fixed into organic molecules using ATP AND NADPH. This process is called carbon fixation.

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20
Q

where does the reactant CO2 come from in photosynthesis?

A

It comes from the air organisms breathe in

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21
Q

What is the function of a cholorphyll? Are all cholorphylls the same molecular formula in all plants?

A

Because cholorphyll is a organic molecule that acts as a pigment, it absorbs sunlight and aids photosynthesis.
No, there are two types of chlorophyll, cholorphyll a and b that are existent in all plants

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22
Q

What’s the structure of a cholorphyll called?

A

The structure is referred to being a Porphyrin ring + Hydrocarbon tail

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23
Q

How is cholorpyll b different from cholorphyll a?

A

Chlorophyll b’s absorbent sprectrum is wider than chlorphyll a’s so it helps absorb more sunlight in the process.
Structurally, chlorophyll a’s functional group is CH3 while chlorophyll b’s functional group is CHO

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24
Q

What happens if the plant cells absorb too much sunlight?

A

**Prosthetic groups **called cartenoids absorb the excess sunlight which could damage chlorophylls

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25
Q

Do chloropylls act alone in absorbing sunlight?

A

No, large protein complexes called Photosystem helps them capture the energy once chlorophylls absorb the sunlight

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26
Q

How exactly can the chlorphylls able to absorb the sunlight?

A

All molecules have the ability to absorb light at different wavelengths. The sun’s light can be absored in the red region on the visible wavelength spectrum by the cholorphylls because that’s their range

26
Q

Why are chlorophylls green if they absorb sunlight at red and blue regions?

A

because the green bounces off when chlorophyll absorbs sunlight at red and blue regions

26
Q

What is the function of photosystems other than aiding cholorphyll’s absorb sunlight?

A

They use the energy of sunlight (photons) to excite electrons in order to create ATP and NADPH+

27
Q

What structures exist in the photosystem?

A

Two main structure called PSII and PS I

28
Q

What are the functions of PS II? How does the entire process work?

A

PS II first absorbs sunlight’s particle - proton, this proton is caught by chlorphylls in the PS II.

The caught proton particle reacts with chlorophyll which makes its electron very excited and causes it to jump from one cholorphyll to another.

Eventually, the excited electron reaches to PS II (p680) where a special pair of chlorphyll transports the electron to a primary electron acceptor

29
Q

Which wavelength does PS I absorb and which wavelength does PS II absorb?

A

PSII - 680
PSI - 700

30
Q

Are there any other end products during the process in the Photosystem?

A

Yes, heat

31
Q

What happens when the electron is taken up by the special chlorophyll pair in PS II?

A

The electron is carried to the primary electron acceptor which uses electrons to split the reactant, H20, into O2.
Because the electron’s energy is reduced, it falls back in the chlorophyll pair turning it from P680+ to P680.

32
Q

Is O2 the only and main byproduct of this reaction?

A

No, it’s not the main byproduct or the only one, some H+ are released too to be used in ATP synthase

33
Q

Do electrons just fall back into PSII after splitting H2O into O2?

A

No, after reducing P680+, it goes through the electron transport chain instead of falling back down to PSII. From the electron transport chain, it’s given to the special pair of chlorophyll located in PSI.

34
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

between PSII and PSI in the thylakoid membrane

35
Q

What happens when the electrons are passed from the electron chain transport to PSI?

A

when they passed around in the electron transport chain, they create a proton (H+) gradient in the thylakoid membrane

36
Q

What does the proton gradient created by electrons transitioning from PSII to PSI do?

A

The force of proton gradient formed performs energy coupling to make ATP in ATP synthase ( a region )

37
Q

what happens when electrons enter PSI

A

As electrons enter PS1, light hits them and excites them causing them to jump up to the special chlorophyll pair are accepted to the 2nd primary electron acceptor. After that, they are donated to the 2nd electron transport chain and as a byproduct **reduce NADP+ to NADPH **

38
Q

What’s the byproduct of the second electron transport chain in the light phase of photosynthesis?

A

NADPH + (H+)

39
Q

what is the whole process involving the electrons and two photosystems in photosynthesis also known as?

A

Linear electron flow

40
Q

What is the point of the light phase of photosynthesis? What products are important for photosynthesis?

A

The point of light phase is to create ATP and NADPH as electrons travel through the photosystems. Those two byproducts are helpful for the next stages of photosynthesis.

41
Q

What function does the endproducts of NADPH servce in photosynthesis?

A

The NADPH created in light phase are passed onto the next phase of photosynthesis called the Calvin cycle.

42
Q

How are chloroplasts and mitochondria different when it comes to metabolic processes?

A

Both generate ATP through chemiosis but using different reactants (sun vs glucose)

Both processes occur in different locations in the similarly structured organelles **(thylakoid membrane and stroma vs intermembrane space and matrix) **

Both perform opposite classified metabolic processes - anabolic (chloro) vs catabolic (mito)

43
Q

How are cholorplasts and mitochondria performing similar processes in metabolic pathways?

A

They both use a proton gradient to generate ATP and NADPH

They both use electron transport chains

They both perform redox reactions (electrons reducing molecules)

Both have an ATP synthase that generates ATP

44
Q

Are ATP and NADPH produced in the thylakoid membranes since the electron transport chain is located there?

A

No, although the electron transport chain is in the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase and NADPH production occurs in the stroma (outside the membrane)

45
Q

How do the end products of the first half of photosynthesis help with Calvin cycle (simple terms)

A

First half process’ reactants, ATP and NADPH are used in Calvin cycle to attach to CO2 in order to make up sugars (glucose)

46
Q

Calvin cycle is similar to the Citric acid cycle, in what ways are they different?

A

They have opposite products and reactants

Calvin cycle has to run multiple times in order to make A SINGLE SUGAR CALLED G3P

47
Q

What are the end products of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Simple sugar called G3P

48
Q

What is the full form of G3P?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate

49
Q

Why does the calvin cycle have to rotate many times in order to produce a single G3P?
How many times does it precisely rotate?

A

Because we are fixing molecules to 3 different molecules in Co2 each time.
So it rotates atleast 3 times to produce 1 net G3P

50
Q

Is fixing carbon to molecules all there is in Calvin cycle? List other stages.

A

No, there are three major stages in Calvin cycle where-
1. Carbon fixation (carbon is fixed)
2. Reduction (aligning carbon’s structure to make G3P)
3. Renegeration of acceptor molecule RUBP (so it can be reused)

51
Q

What is the most important enzyme in the world that’s also used in Calvin Cycle?

A

Rubisco

52
Q

What is the function of rubisco in simple terms and why is it so important?

A

Function of rubisco is to fix carbon into a larger molecule through Calvin cycle.
It’s an important enzyme because it actually converts Co2 into consumable molecule for plants

53
Q

What occurs in the first phase of Calvin Cycle?

A

In carbon fixation, rubisco helps carbon get fixed into larger molecules.
Rubisco has 5 carbons from **which 2 are used **to fix it into the three carbons to **create 3-phosphoglycerate **

54
Q

What occurs in the second phase of Calvin Cycle?

A

6 ATP and NADPH each are used to convert the fixed carbon into G3P through reduction and energy use.

55
Q

What’s rubisco’s full name?

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate

56
Q

What are the reactants and products in Calvin Cycle?

A

3 Co2s converted into one G3P

57
Q

What occurs in the third stage of Calvin Cycle

A

In Rubisco’s regeneration process, 3 ATPs are used to convert 3 carbon Rubisco into its original 5 carbon form

58
Q

Why does the amount of times the Calvin cycle turns to generate one G3P vary?

A

Because sometimes the carbon from Rubisco is used in other processes than photosynthesis during the cycle. So in other to rengerate Rubisco, more cycle turns are needed.

59
Q

Which type of plants use this type of photosynthesis? What do they do with those types of products?

A

Most plants that are classified** as C3 **use photosynthesis that requires carbon fixation by rubisco.
The end products of this type of photosynthesis is used to build glucose and starch

60
Q

Are there any plants that perform photosynthesis differently?

A

Yes C4 type plants perform photosynthesis differently. Instead of fixating carbon three times, they fix carbon four times before Calvin cycle to create Oxalcoacetate and other types of sugars before converting it back to Co2.

When it gets to the Calvin Cycle, the Oxalcoacetate is turned **back into Co2 **and so the rest of the Calvin Cycle is the same.

So before Calvin cycle, PEP Carboxylase fixes Co2 first.

61
Q

Why does PEP Carboxylase bind to Co2 to convert it into different sugars if it’s being converted back into Co2 before Calvin Cycle?

A

Because since PEP Carboxylase has a higher affinity for C02, it binds tigher to it under many different environmental situations. This provides an advantage when Co2 concentrations are low in the environment.

62
Q

Is it better for plants for there to be more carbon concentration in the environment or less?

A

If there’s too much concentration of co2, then C4 plants don’t perform as well and are competing againt C3 plants which do better in higher Co2 concentrations. This could lead to potential permenant evolutional change where C4 plants’s concentrations/performance decrease dramatically,

63
Q
A

Bio 1201 lsu (16 decks)

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