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Bio 1201 lsu > Chapter 5 - Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Molecules of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All biological macromolecules are made up of four classes namely:

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic acids
  4. Lipids
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2
Q

Describe the relation between polymers, monomers and macromolecules

A

Monomers are similar/identical molecules that are covalently bonded to make chains of polymer

Monomer + Monomer = Polymer

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3
Q

How do monomers bond to create a polymer?

A

Through a dehydration reaction. When two molecules of monomers covanlently bond, they lose H2O.

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4
Q

What is it called when H2O is added to the chain to break the polymer chain?

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

Which three class of macromolecules are made up of polymers?

A

Nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates

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6
Q

what are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

monosaccharides/simple sugars

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7
Q

what is it called when a chain of monosaccharides bond together?

A

polysaccharides

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8
Q

explain disaccharides

A

when two monosaccharides covalently bond with one another

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9
Q

can different types of monomers exist in one class of macromolecules?

A

yes absolutely

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10
Q

what’s the most common monosaccharide called?
1. fructose
2. sucrose
3. ketose
4. glucose

A

Glucose

(C6H12O6)

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11
Q

how does the body recognize the different types of monosaccharides (simple sugars) in our bodies?

A

through the location of the carbonyl groups (whether they are ketose or aldehyde)
and through the numbers of carbon in the skeleton group

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12
Q

What are the three main ingredients of a monosaccharide?

A

Hydrogen+ carbon + oxygens
COH

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13
Q

What is the relationship between Aldose sugars and Ketose sugars?

A

They are two structural isomers that make up the two of the most fundamental monosaccaride groups

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14
Q

What is the difference between Aldose sugars and Ketose sugars?

A

Aldose - placed at the end of the chain known as the aldehyde group
Ketose - placed in the middle of the chain known as the ketone group

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15
Q

What are three carbon sugars called?

A

Trioses

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16
Q

What are five carbon sugars called?

A

Pentoses

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17
Q

Why are the five carbon sugars so important? (pentose)

A

Because one of the pentoses make up an important monosaccharide - ribosome which is the backbone component of RNA and DNA

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18
Q

What are six carbon sugars called?

A

Hexose

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19
Q

What are some common hexoses? do these hexoses consist of a different molecular formula?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

No, the monosaccharides pf same sugar groups do not contain different types of molecular formula, they are isomers

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20
Q

are the monosaccharides forming a linear chain chemically?

A

Sugar groups containing more than 5 carbons (pentose) are all in ring forms due to the attraction between different groups

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21
Q

What is the covalent bond between a carbohydrate molecule and another group called?
Does this covalent bond lose the H2O in the process?

A

A glycosidic bond,
yes

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22
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose

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23
Q

Sucrose = _____ + ______

A

Glucose + fructose

24
Q

What are the two main functions of polymers of sugars (polysaccharides)? Give a brief example

A

Storage and structure
storage - sugars such as starch containing energy for plants
structure - sugars are backbones of a cell wall in wood

25
Q

Starch and Glycogen serve what functions as a polysaccaharide?

A

Storage of energy

26
Q

What are storage polysacccharides of plants called? What sugar groups are they made of?

A

Starch - made entirely of glucose monomers

27
Q

What are animal and human storage polysaccharides called? Where is it stored?

A

Glycogen; in the liver/muscle cells

28
Q

How do storage polysaccharides give energy to plants/animals/humans?

A

Because glucose contains a lot of energy, breaking those bonds down releases the energy which the cell then uses

29
Q

How do you differentiate between starch and glycogen based on the chemical structure?

A

Starch is mostly linear in shape and structure unlike glycogen which branches out more in shape

30
Q

Name the structural polysaccharide of plants

A

Cellulose

31
Q

How are structural polysaccharides different from storage polysaccarides?

A

It is due to a difference of the placement of OH in the sugar rings. Storage polysaccharide’s molecule&raquo_space; -OH is placed on the bottom of the sugar ring and Structural polysaccaride’s OH is placed on the top of the sugar ring

Storage - DOWN
Structure - UP

32
Q

What is the difference between Beta and Alpha linkages?

A

When OH molecules placed on top of the sugar ring, they are called beta linkages.
When OH molecules placed on bottom of the ring are called alpha linkages.

33
Q

What’s the most prevalent polysaccharide on earth? Why?

A

Cellulose, because all plants have this structural polymer

34
Q

Why do different enzymes exist for the Alpha and Beta linkages occuring in polysaccharides?

A

Because an enzyme that breaks down Alpha linkages cannot break down Beta type of linkages and vice versa

So our body cannot digest wood or cellulose

35
Q

What is the structural polysaccharide of fungis/insects called? Where are they found?

A

Chitin, in the exoskeleton

36
Q

What is chitin made of?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

37
Q

Why do lipids not form polymers?

A

Because they contain hydrocarbons which make them very hydrophobic and avoid covalent bonding

38
Q

What are the three major subclasses of lipids?

A

Stereoids, fats and phospholipids

39
Q

Describe the structure of a Fat (Triacylglycerol)
How do they bond?

A

three **fatty acids **(hydrocarbons) are joint to a glycerol chain acting as a backbone
They bond through a dehydration reaction where glycerol and datty acids link together

Glycerol + fatty acids

40
Q

Which functional groups do fatty acids contain?

A

Carbonyl

41
Q

what are the two types of fatty acids called?

A

Saturated and Unsatured fatty acids

42
Q

Which type of fatty acid has no double bonding

A

Saturated

43
Q

Which fatty acid has the max number of hydrogen bonds?

A

Saturated

44
Q

Which fatty acids have one or more cis double bonds?

A

Unsaturated

45
Q

What are the main functions of Fat? Why?

A

Energy storage? because they are hydrocarbon rich meaning breaking those bonds releases a lot of energy

46
Q

Why are the structure of Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids different?

A

Because Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, they pack together tightly
because unsaturated fatty acids have** one or more cis double bonds at the edge**, they form kinks and are more spaced out

47
Q

Which fatty acids cannot stay solid (are liquids) at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated

48
Q

Since butter is solid, is it saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated

49
Q

Why can’t our body digest trans fat?

A

Because the trans fat is a cis isomer of a fatty acid, our body’s enzyme cannot recognize it and as a result, cannot digest it

50
Q

How is a trans fat created? Describe the process

A

It uses the chemical process of hydrogenation
(it adds hydrogen to the unsatured fat creating a saturated fat)

51
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

Two fatty acids + Glycerol (backbone) + Phosphate group (head of group)

52
Q

Explain the concept of a self assembly in forming chemical molecules? Give an example

A

When there’s no need for an enzyme molecules to bond together
- the creation of the phospholipd bilayer

53
Q

Structure of a stereoid

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of four fused rings

54
Q

What are some subtypes of stereoids?

A

Testosterone, estrogen, cholestrol

55
Q

Amino acid that is most hydrophobic

A

Alanine

56
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

5

57
Q
A

Bio 1201 lsu (16 decks)

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