chapter 9: cellular division Flashcards
what is fermentation?
a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP, without an electron transport chain
what is aerobic respiration?
a catholic pathway for molecules, that use oxygen
what is anaerobic respiration?
a catabolic pathway for molecules, that do not use oxygen
what is an anabolic reaction?
a reaction in which energy is used to build complex molecules from smaller ones
what is a catabolic reaction?
a reaction in which energy is released to break down complex molecules into simpler ones
what are redox reactions?
the transfer of electrons during a chemical reaction
what is a reducing agent?
the electron donor in a redox reaction
what is an oxidizing agent?
the electron acceptor in a redox reaction
what is cellular respiration?
a series of catabolic reactions that converts the energy in fuel molecules into energy in ATP
what is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
why is cellular respiration a catabolic process?
it is catabolic because it breaks down sugar (large/complex) into smaller molecules
what are the four stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), oxidative phosphorylation
what are the 2 forms of phosphorylation?
oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation
where does glycolysis happen?
cytoplasm
what are the 2 phases of glycolysis?
investment phase and payoff phase
what is glycolysis?
a series of reactions that splits glucose into pyruvate (“sugar splitting”)
what is formed from glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
what links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
what happens during the citric acid cycle?
it completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide
where does the citric acid cycle occur?
in the mitochondria
what enters the electron transport chain?
NADH
what happens to electrons in the electron transport chain?
a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
how does a proton pump work and what energy is powering the pump?
they push hydrogen ions from areas of low concentration to high concentration, ATP powers a proton pump
how many complexes are in the electron transport chain?
4 protein complexes
how many proton pumps are in the electron transport chain?
2 pumps
what is chemiosmosis?
an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
what enzyme is involved with chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase
where does chemiosmosis occur?
in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis
what is oxidative phosphorylation and how many ATP are produced?
the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain, producing 27/28 ATP
what are the 2 forms of fermentation?
lactic acid fermentation
ethanol fermentation
is oxygen required for fermentation?
no, therefore it’s anaerobic
does fermentation produce energy?
no, but it helps keep glycolysis going
what is NAD+ and NADH and what role do they play in cellular respiration?
NAD+ is the oxidized form and NADH is the reduced form, NADH acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain
what does pyruvate get oxidized into?
acetyl CoA
what is produced from the citric acid cycle?
carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP or GTP
what step produces the most ATP
electron transport chain
where does the electron transport chain occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
