Chapter 9 Cell Reproduction Flashcards
Anaphase
Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other.
Binary fission
Prokaryotic cell division process.
Cell-cycle checkpoint
Mechanism that monitors preparedness of a cell for the next stage.
Centriole
Rod-like structure at the center of an animal cell.
Centromere
Region where sister chromatids are bound together.
Chromatid
Single DNA molecule with two strands held together at the centromere.
Condensin
Protein that helps sister chromatids coil during prophase.
Cyclin
Protein that regulates the cell cycle with cyclin-dependent kinases.
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
Protein kinase that helps regulate the cell cycle with cyclins.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm after mitosis forming two daughter cells.
Diploid
Cell, nucleus, or organism with two sets of chromosomes (2n).
FtsZ
Protein important in prokaryotic cytokinesis.
G0 phase
Distinct from G1, a cell not preparing to divide.
G1 phase
First phase of interphase focused on cell growth.
G2 phase
Third phase of interphase for final preparations for mitosis.
Gamete
Haploid reproductive cell (sperm, egg, etc.).
Genome
Total genetic information of a cell or organism.
Haploid
Cell, nucleus, or organism with one set of chromosomes (n).
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location.
Interphase
Period before mitosis (G1, S, and G2 phases).
Kinetochore
Protein structure that attracts spindle microtubules during prometaphase.
Locus
Position of a gene on a chromosome.
Metaphase
Stage of mitosis where chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate.
Mitotic spindle
Apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates chromosome movement.
Oncogene
Mutated version of a gene involved in positive cell cycle regulation.
p53 protein
Cell-cycle regulatory protein that monitors DNA damage and halts cell cycle progression.
Prometaphase
Stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane breaks down and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
Prophase
Stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
Proto-oncogene
Normal gene that can become an oncogene when mutated.
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
Regulatory molecule that negatively affects the cell cycle.
S phase
Second phase of interphase for DNA replication.
Telophase
Stage of mitosis where chromosomes arrive at poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope.
Tumor suppressor gene
Gene coding for proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell division.
