Chapter 9: Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

effective cell signaling requires:

A
  1. ligand
  2. receptor protein
  3. transduction pathway (produces cellular response)
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2
Q

the ligand is a ______

A

signaling molecule that binds to a specific receptor protein

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3
Q

the 2 types of ligands are:

A
  1. hydrophilic (cannot cross the cell membrane)
  2. hydrophobic (can cross the cell membrane)
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4
Q

transduction is _________

A

the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that causes a specific cellular response

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5
Q

the location of the receptor for hydrophobic ligands is _______

A

intracellular

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6
Q

the location of the receptor for hydrophilic ligands is ________

A

cell surface

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7
Q

the methods of signaling based on distance from source to receptors are:

A
  1. direct contact
  2. paracrine signaling
  3. endocrine signaling
  4. synaptic signaling
  5. autocrine signaling
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8
Q

direct contact is _______

A

the direct contact of adjacent plasma membranes for cellular communication

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9
Q

an example of direct contact is ______

A

a gap junction, which is a junction between adjacent animal cells that allows for the passage of signals between cells

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10
Q

direct contact is important in _______

A

embryonic development and immune response

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11
Q

paracrine signaling is ________

A

local signaling where secretion from one cell has an effect on cells in the immediate area

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12
Q

paracrine signaling is _______ and can be destroyed by ________

A
  1. short lived
  2. extracellular enzymes
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13
Q

an example of paracrine signaling is ________

A

growth factors, which are local regulators in animals that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide

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14
Q

endocrine signaling is _________

A

long distance signaling where hormones are released into the blood stream, which carries them to the target cell

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15
Q

a hormone is _____

A

a molecule (usually peptide or steroid) that is produced in one part of an organism and triggers a specific reaction in target tissues or organs some distance away

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16
Q

hormones are released from ______

A

glands

17
Q

the 2 types of glands are:

A
  1. endocrine gland
  2. exocrine gland
18
Q

the endocrine gland is a ________

A

ductless gland that secretes hormones into the extracellular space, where they diffuse into the circulatory system

19
Q

the exocrine gland is a _______

A

type of gland that releases its secretion through a duct, such as a digestive gland of a sweat gland

20
Q

synaptic signaling is ________

A

the transmission of neurotransmitters from a nerve cell to a synaptic gap (or synaptic clift)

21
Q

a synaptic gap is ________

A

the gap between a nerve cell (signaling cell) and a target cell (another nerve cell or muscle cell)

22
Q

autocrine signaling is when _____

A

cells send signals to themselves, which will bind the secreting signals to specific receptors on the cells own membrane

23
Q

the 2 types of receptors are:

A
  1. intracellular receptors
  2. cell surface receptors
24
Q

intracellular receptors are found in the _______

A

nucleus or cytoplasm

25
Q

intracellular receptors are specific for _______

A

hydrophobic ligands

26
Q

process of intracellular receptors:

A
  1. hormones cross plasma membrane and bind to cytoplasmic receptors
  2. hormone binding alters receptor conformation so it no longer binds inhibitor
  3. hormone-receptor complex translocates to nucleus (acts as transcription factor)
  4. hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, usually turning on transcription but can also turn it off
  5. cellular response is change in gene expression
27
Q

transcription is _______

A

when dna is used to create mrna, which will exit to the cytoplasm and translate to a protein, bringing about a specific cellular response

28
Q

an example of an intracellular receptor is _______

A

the receptor for nitric oxide (NO), which is a ligand released by neurons that innervates the penis, gastrointestinal tract, and cerebral blood vessels

29
Q

nitric oxide works in the body by _______

A

crossing the cell membrane of the muscle cells that line blood vessels and binding to the enzyme guanylyl cyclase, which acts as a receptor and catalyzes the synthesis of cGMP which, in the smooth lining, the walls of vertebrate blood vessels cause the relaxation of muscle cells, allowing for blood vessels to expand so more blood can flow in.

30
Q

some additional examples of an intracellular receptor are _______

A

receptors for testosterone, cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone. these receptors act as regulators of gene transcription