Chapter 9: Cell Communication Flashcards
effective cell signaling requires:
- ligand
- receptor protein
- transduction pathway (produces cellular response)
the ligand is a ______
signaling molecule that binds to a specific receptor protein
the 2 types of ligands are:
- hydrophilic (cannot cross the cell membrane)
- hydrophobic (can cross the cell membrane)
transduction is _________
the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that causes a specific cellular response
the location of the receptor for hydrophobic ligands is _______
intracellular
the location of the receptor for hydrophilic ligands is ________
cell surface
the methods of signaling based on distance from source to receptors are:
- direct contact
- paracrine signaling
- endocrine signaling
- synaptic signaling
- autocrine signaling
direct contact is _______
the direct contact of adjacent plasma membranes for cellular communication
an example of direct contact is ______
a gap junction, which is a junction between adjacent animal cells that allows for the passage of signals between cells
direct contact is important in _______
embryonic development and immune response
paracrine signaling is ________
local signaling where secretion from one cell has an effect on cells in the immediate area
paracrine signaling is _______ and can be destroyed by ________
- short lived
- extracellular enzymes
an example of paracrine signaling is ________
growth factors, which are local regulators in animals that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide
endocrine signaling is _________
long distance signaling where hormones are released into the blood stream, which carries them to the target cell
a hormone is _____
a molecule (usually peptide or steroid) that is produced in one part of an organism and triggers a specific reaction in target tissues or organs some distance away