Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Flashcards
photosynthesis
the conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria
photoautotrophs
organisms that use light to synthesize organic molecules (glucose)
chemoautotrophs
organisms that oxidize inorganic substances like H2S and NH3 to produce energy in the form of glucose
photosynthesis takes place in the ______ which is found in _____
- chloroplast
- leaves
bundle sheath cells
type of photosynthetic cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the vein of the leaf
______ are the major sites of photosynthesis
leaves
chlorophyll is found in the _______
thylakoid membrane
chloroplasts are found mostly in the _____
palisade mesophyll layer
_____ enters the leaf and ______ exits through tiny pores called ______
- CO2
- O2
- stomata
_____ transports absorbed water to leaves and other parts of the plant
xylem
______ transports synthesized sugar from leaves to roots and nonphotosynthetic parts
ploem
sugar is transported in the form of ______
sucrose
cuticle
a thin waxy covering on the outer surface of the leaf
the primary function of the cuticle is to _______
prevent water loss within the leaf
epidermis
a layer of cells directly underneath the cuticle
xylem
upper layer of the bundle sheath cells that transports water
phloem
upper layer of the bundle sheath cells that transports glucose
mesophyll
layer of cells within the leaf which can be divided into two layers
palisade layer
column-like cells in the mesophyll that lie just under the epidermis
spongy layer
loosely packed cells in the mesophyll that lie between the palisade layer and the lower epidermis
the air spaces between the spongy cells allow for _________
gas exchange
mesophyll cells are packed with _______
chloroplasts
stomata
tiny holes in the leaf within the epidermis
guard cells
specialized cells that surround the stomata and are shaped like two cupped hands
___________ causes the stoma to open or close
changes within water pressure
if the guard cells are full of water, they _________
swell up and bend away from each other, which opens the stoma
if the guard cells have no water, _______
the guard cells close
photosynthesis takes place in two stages, __________ and __________
light reaction and dark reaction (calvin cycle)
light reaction takes place in the _________
thylakoid membrane
the purpose of the light reaction is to ______
use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin Cycle to produce sugar
the dark reaction (calvin cycle) takes place in the ________
stroma
the dark reaction (calvin cycle) uses _________ to make sugar
CO2, ATP, and NADPH
light is a form of energy known as ________
electromagnetic energy
electromagnetic spectrum is ________
the entire range of radiation
all radiation travels as _______
waves
wave length
the distance from one wave peak to the next wave peak
visible light spectrum
the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from 380 nm to 760 nm
the visible light spectrum is the radiation that __________
drives photosynthesis because it can be absorbed by pigments
each pigment has a ________
characteristic absorption spectrum, which is the wavelength of light that is best absorbed
light also behaves as particles called ______
photons
the energy of photon is __________
inversely proportional to its wavelength
pigments are ______
molecules that are good absorbers of light in the visible range
two types of pigments used in green plant photosynthesis are _________
chlorophyll and carotenoids
chlorophyll is made up of ______
a porphyrin head with magnesium in the center and a hydrocarbon tail
chlorophyll a & b absorb _______
violet, blue, and red light
chlorophyll a & b reflect _______
green light, which is why plants are green
_______ are accessory pigments
carotenoids
carotenoids
capture energy from the light of wavelengths that are not efficiently absorbed by either chlorophyll