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APrep101: BioBiochem > Chapter 9: Cardiovascular And Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cardiovascular And Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Total aqueous solution: intracellular

A
  1. Protein, potassium and phosphate
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2
Q

Total aqueous solution: Extracellular fluid

A
  1. Salt, bicarbonate, calcium
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3
Q

How to lose water:

A
  1. Insensible loss: due to respiration and evaporation
  2. Sweat
  3. Feces
  4. Urine
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4
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A
  1. Gas exchange: at alveoli its CO2 for O2
  2. Protection: mucous and hair
  3. Sound production: larynx
  4. Acid/base regulation: expelling CO2 raises blood pH
  5. Olfaction
  6. Temperature: rapid breathing lowers body temperature
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5
Q

Respiratory system components

A
  1. Nose and nasal cavities: filters air, goblet cells produce mucin, cilia moles mucous and dust to pharynx to be removed via spitting /swallowing
  2. Pharynx: Passage for food or air
  3. Larynx: voice box, during swallowing epiglottis covers it
  4. Trachea
  5. In lungs
    5a. Bronchi
    5b. Bronchioles
    5c. Alveoli: gas exchange
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6
Q

Inspiration & expiration

A
  1. Inspriation: contracted diaphragm, Chest expands, volume high, pressure low
  2. Expiration: volume low, pressure high, relaxed diaphragm
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7
Q

Gas exchange

A
  1. Oxygen binds w Hb in erythrocyte which forms oxyhemoglobin
  2. Cooperative binding occurs: O2 pressure increases so O2 saturation does as well
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8
Q

Bohr effect

A
  1. Oxygen dissociation curve: high pressure of CO2, high H+, high Temp, high 2,3-BPG, shift right …. This lowers Hb’s affinity for oxygen
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9
Q

Ways CO2 is carried in blood

A
  1. Physical solution, Carbamino compounds and bicarbonate (most of the time)
  2. Bicarbonate ion formation is governed via carbonic anhydrase: CO2 absorbed into tissues, HCO3- diffuses into cellls so chlorine moves out to balance (chloride shift)
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10
Q

Haldane effect

A
  1. Raising affinity for CO2 due to oxygenation
  2. Helps CO2 unload in lungs and load in tissues
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11
Q

Respiration in medulla oblongata

A
  1. Respiratory rate increases via: increase in CO2, decrease in pH, decrease in O2
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12
Q

Anatomy of heart

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation: oxygenated blood
    1a. Right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries in lungs
  2. Systemic circulation: oxygen to tissues and carries CO2 away from tissues
    2a. pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta
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13
Q

Heartbeat

A
  1. Systole: ventricles contract
  2. Diastole: relaxation of heart then contraction of atria
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14
Q

Heart contractions

A
  1. Starts at SA node in right atrium via electrical synapses (gap junctions)
  2. Goes to AV node where it pauses the AP to allow atrium to finish contraction
  3. Bundle of His-> purkinjie fibres -> next cardiac muscle cell via gap junctions
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15
Q

Vasculature

A
  1. Arteries/arterioles: blood away from heart, smaller
  2. Veins/venules: blood to heart, bigger
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16
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A
  1. Tunica intima (Inner):
  2. Tunica media: has smooth muscle and is innervated by sympathetic nervous system (Constricts in fight/flight)
  3. Tunica externa (outer)
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17
Q

Vasomotion

A
  1. Governed by autonomic nervous system via hypothalamus where blood is rerouted to different tissues
  2. Mechanism for thermoregulation
    2a. Cold: arterioles construct to prevent heart loss
    2b. Hot: arterioles dilate to expel heat
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18
Q

Ways material can cross capillary walls

A
  1. Pinocytosis: transcellular
  2. Diffusion through capillary cell membranes or fenestrations
  3. Diffusion through space: paracellular
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19
Q

Systolic vs diastolic pressure

A
  1. Systolic pressure: measures peak pressure in contraction of ventricles
  2. Diastolic pressure: measures min pressure during relaxation
  3. Normal: 120/80
20
Q

Ways to regulate blood pressure

A
  1. Baroreceptors: sense changes in blood pressure
    1a. Carotid arteries
    1b. Aortic arch
21
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A
  1. Renin: forms angiotensin 2
  2. Angiotensin 2: vasoconstriction, thirst, Na+ reabsorption, aldosterone release which raises blood pressure
22
Q

Natriuetic peptides (NPs)

A
  1. Work as a counter to RAAS: reduce blood volume and systemic resistance
23
Q

Blood components

A
  1. Plasma: has nutrients, metabolic waste, ions and plasma proteins
  2. Buffy coat (white blood cells): includes granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes that all differentiate from MHSC in hematopoietic
  3. Red blood cells (erythrocytes): no nucleus, no reproduction, function is to transport O2 and CO2, no mitochondria
24
Q

Myelocytes: granulocytes

A
  1. Includes Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils in innate response using PRR to recognize PAMPS
    1a. Neutrophils: in bone marrow and phagocytosize bacteria
    1b. Eosinophils: target worms
    1c. Basophils: release histamine for vasodilation: in blood
25
Q

Myelocytes: mast cells

A
  1. Similar to basophils but they live in epithelial and mucosal tissue
26
Q

Myelocytes: megakaryocytes

A
  1. Become platelets which contract blood clots in hemostasis
27
Q

Myelocytes: monocytes

A
  1. Can become macrophages that phagocytosize pathogens and present them to T cells via MHC2
28
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Macrophages
29
Q

Lymphocytes: T lymphocytes

A
  1. Helper T cells (MHC2): allow differentiation into different types for specific response
  2. Cytotoxic T cells (MHC1): damage via perforin and granzymes
30
Q

Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes

A
  1. Undergo clonal selection which produces plasma cells that produce antibodies
31
Q

Natural killer cells

A
  1. Recognize stress induced proteins or viral proteins
32
Q

Lymphatic system function

A
  1. Collect and recycle extra fluid
  2. Reroute lipid digestates
  3. Immune functions : produce, store and transport immune cells and monitor for infection
33
Q

Lymphoid organs

A
  1. Primary: Thymus and bone marrow
  2. Secondary: spleen, lymph nodes, MALT
34
Q

MHC 1 and 2

A
  1. Endogenous: MHC1 ->CD8
  2. Exogenous: MHC2 -> CD4
35
Q

Activation of naive T and B cells

A
  1. Signal 1: antigen recognition
  2. Signal 2: co stimulation via B7 on APC to its receptor CD28 on T cell
    2a. Without this signal, cell is anergic (unable to respond)
36
Q

Innate immunity

A
  1. Nonspecific, fast, to PAMP and DAMPs
37
Q

Adaptive immunity

A
  1. Specific, slow etc
38
Q

Hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular constriction: occurs due to local myogenic muscle spasms, autacoid release, nervous reflexes
  2. Platelet plug formation: platelets made more sticky via bone Willebrand factor and these sticky platelets form the plug
  3. Clotting:
    3a. Formation of prothrombin activator
    3b. Activation of prothrombin
    3c. Activation of fibrinogen
39
Q

What happens during inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Migration of granulocytes and monocytes
  3. Increase in capillary permeability: diapedesis
  4. Fibrin clot
  5. Swelling
40
Q

Extravasation of neutrophils

A
  1. Chemotaxis occurs:
    1a. Selection on endothelial binds to carb on neutrophils which starts roll
    1b. Endothelial ICAM binds to WBC integrin which activates it and arrests it to do diapedesis
41
Q

Protein complement cascade pathways

A
  1. Classical: via IgM or IgG
  2. Lectin: via carbs
  3. Alternative: via PAMPS
42
Q

Protein complement cascade functions

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Opsonization which marks pathogen for phagocytosis
  3. MAC formation: lysis of cell
43
Q

Primary and secondary immune response

A
  1. Primary response
  2. Secondary response: stronger and more rapid due to memory cells
44
Q

Adaptive immunity: cell mediated

A
  1. T cells for intracellular threats
45
Q

Adaptive immunity: humoral

A
  1. Antibodies for extracellular threats
  2. Antibodies can caused neutralization, opsonization, ADCC (NK cells), agglutination etc

APrep101: BioBiochem (13 decks)

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