Chapter 11: Populations

Question 1

Mendelian Concepts

Answer 1

1. Homozygote dominant x homozygote recessive=F1 generation (heterozygous (hybrid))
   1a. Mendelian cross: F1 x F1= F2 (3:1 ratio of white and purple)
2. Test cross: heterozygous F1 x homozygous recessive

Question 2

Mendels first law of heredity: law of segregation

Answer 2

1. Alleles coding for same trait on homologous chromosomes segregate randomly when forming a gamete

Question 3

Incomplete dominance

Answer 3

1. Purple x white= pink

Question 4

Codominance

Answer 4

1. Purple x white = purple and white spots

Question 5

Expressivity

Answer 5

1. Extent of expression of a phenotype for a given genotype

Question 6

Penetrance

Answer 6

1. Proportion of individuals w a genotype that express the phenotype associated w that genotype
   1a. Incomplete penetrance: when some individuals w mutated gene dont express mutated phenotype

Question 7

Mendels second law of heredity: law of independent assortment

Answer 7

1. States that nonhomologous alleles on different chromosomes assort differently from each other

Question 8

Sex linked

Answer 8

1. When a gene is found on a sex chromosome

Question 9

Karyotype

Answer 9

1. Male: XY
   1a. Can’t be a carrier of a sex linked disease
2. female: XX…condensed sex chromosme of a female is a Barr body

Question 10

Classification system

Answer 10

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species: all organisms that can reproduce fit offspring w each other

Question 11

3 domains of life

Answer 11

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukaryote

Question 12

Things that prevent fertilization

Answer 12

1. Geographic isolation: living in different areas
2. Temporal isolation: mating in different seasons
3. Genetic incompatibility: having gametes that don’t form viable offspring

Question 13

Reproductive strategies

Answer 13

1. R-selection: Producing large numbers of offspring that mature rapidly with little or no parental care (fish)
2. K-selection: involves small brood size with slow maturing offspring and strong prenatal care (humans)

Question 14

Evolutionary bottleneck

Answer 14

1. When a large portion of the population dies

Question 15

Types of evolution

Answer 15

1. Divergent: when 2+ species have common ancestor
2. Convergent: when 2 species independently evolve similar structures

Question 16

Symbiosis

Answer 16

1. A relationship between 2 specifies
   1a. Mutualism: beneficial for both
   1b. Commensalism: benefit one, dont affect other
   1c. Parasitism: benefit one, detrimental to other

Question 17

Hardy Weinberg’s populations follow 5 conditions:

Answer 17

1. Infinite population
2. Mutual equilibrium
3. Immigration or emigration must not change gene pool
4. Random mating
5. No selection for fittest organism

Question 18

Hardy Weinberg equation

Answer 18

1. Equation: p^2 +2pq + q^2 =1 and p+q=1
   1a. P=dominant and q=recessive

Question 19

Blood types

Answer 19

1. Donor:
   1a. A->B, AB
   1b. B->B, AB
   1c. AB-> no one
   1d. O-> everyone

Question 20

Rh factor

Answer 20

1. Important in pregnancy
2. Will affect second child if mom gets antibodies against Rh positive blood and thats what the child is

Question 21

Unlinked vs linked

Answer 21

1. Linked: close together on same chromosomes =no independant assortment
   1a. Likely to cross over…will produce diff gametes with parental ones most likely
2. Unliked: genes on different chromosomes or very apart on same one=independant assortment
   2a. Will produce 4 gametes with equal probability of each one

Question 22

Law of segregation

Answer 22

1. Alleles separate independently of each other