Chapter 7: Endocrine And Exocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Agonist vs antagonist
A
- Agonist: any molecule that binds to the receptor and elicits the response
- Antagonist: any molecule that binds to the receptor and prevents the response
2
Q
Chemical signalling mechanisms
A
- Autocrine: signals itself
- Paracrine: signals nearby
- Endocrine: signals far and travels via blood
3
Q
Types of hormones: peptides
A
- Anterior pituitary: FSH, LG, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, endophins, GH
- Posterior pituitary: ADH, Oxytocin
- Parathyroid hormone: PTH
- Thyroid: calcitonin
- Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin, leptin
- Small intestine: CCK
- Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
- Liver: angiotensinogen
- Kidney: renin
- Heart: ANP
4
Q
Types of hormones: steroids
A
- Derived from cholesterol (3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane)
- Formation begins in cytosol and is carried via albumin
- Important steroid hormones
3a. Glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids of adrenal cortex: cortisol and aldosterone
3b. Gonadal hormones: estrogen, progesterone and testosterone
5
Q
Types of hormones: amino hormones
A
- Tyrosine derived
1a. Stored in thyroid follicles and slowly released: T3 and T4
1b. Catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine - Tryptophan derived
2a. Serotonin and melatonin - Histidine derived
3a. Histamine: from mast cells and basophils
6
Q
Types of hormones: amino hormones
A
- Tyrosine derived
1a. Stored in thyroid follicles and slowly released: T3 and T4
1b. Catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine - Tryptophan derived
2a. Serotonin and melatonin - Histidine derived
3a. Histamine: from mast cells and basophils
7
Q
Ligand gated ion channel receptors
A
- Ion channel that when bound by hormone opens or closes
8
Q
Intracellular receptors
A
- In cytosol or nucleus and associated with steroid or thyroid hormones
9
Q
GPCR
A
- Integral protein whose TM region spans the membrane 7 times
- When inactive, its alpha subunit is bound to GDP
10
Q
Enzyme linked receptor
A
- TM protein that is either an enzyme itself or is attached directly to an enzyme inside the cell
11
Q
Second messenger systems
A
- CAMP: GPCR activated adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP which activates protein kinase A or PKA
- Phospholipid breakdown: phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves PIP2 to DAG and IP3 which binds to Ca2+ and opens it on ER…DAG and Ca2+ then activate PKC
- Calcium and calmodulin: Ca2+ may activate calmodulin which phosphoylates more enzymes
12
Q
Endocrine glands: hypothalamus
A
- Master gland
- Regulates anterior pituitary by releasing tropic hormones and inhibiting hormones into hypophyseal portal system
2a. Tropic hormones are hormones that cause release of other hormones
13
Q
Endocrine glands: anterior pituitary
A
- Only releases peptide hormones
1a. FSH
1b. LH
1c. ACTH: stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (Stress hormones) via GPCR that uses cAMP to activate protein kinase
1d. TSH: stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4
1e. Prolactin: promotes lactation
1f. Endorphins: natural pain killer
1g. GH: targets all cells of the body for growth
14
Q
Endocrine glands: Posterior pituitary
A
- Oxytocin: increases uterine contraction and causes milk ejection
- ADH/vasopressin: reduces and concentrates urine which increases blood pressure
15
Q
Endocrine glands: Adrenal cortex
A
- Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone
1a. Increases Na+/Cl- reabsorption and K+/H+ secretion which increases blood pressure & blood volume - Glucocorticoids: cortisol
16
Q
Endocrine glands: Adrenal medulla
A
- Epinephrine and norepinephine synthesized here for fight/flight response
17
Q
Endocrine glands: thyroid
A
- T3 and T4 are secreted by follicular cells of thyroid
1a. Effect is to increase basal metabolic rate - Calcitonin: released by C cells (parafollicular) in response to high Ca2+ levels in blood…decreases osteoclast activity
18
Q
Endocrine glands: Parathyroid
A
- PTH: acts on bone, kidneys and gut to increase blood Ca2+ and decrease blood Phosphate
19
Q
Endocrine glands: Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
A
- Beta cells release insulin: when high glucose
- Alpha cells release glucagon: when low glucose
20
Q
Male reproductive system
A
- Seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm: spermatogonia becomes spermatocytes becomes spermatids and then spermatozoa
- Serotoli cells by FSH surround and nurture sperm
2a. When too much sperm, serotonin cells secrete inhibin which inhibits FSH - Leydig cells by LH: release testosterone
21
Q
Sperm pathway
A
- Seminiferous tubules->stored in epididymus-> Vas deferns -> urethra
22
Q
Semen components
A
- Seminal fluid via seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands
- Sperm from seminiferous tubules
23
Q
Oogenesis
A
- Oogenesis begins in ovaries of fetus and all cells get arrested as primary oocytes at birth
- At puberty: FSH stimulates growth of granulosa cells around primary oocyte and produce zona pellucida forming primary follicles
- Theca cells differentiate and form around follicle to form secondary follicle
- When LH is secreted, theca cells secrete aldoststenedione which is converted to estradiole via granulosa cells when FSH is present
- Estradiole prepares uterine wall & inhibits anterior pituitary from releasing LH until ovulation
- Ovulation=LH surge =high LH=high estrogen =burst of follicles which release egg (Secondary oocyte now) to oviduct via fimbrae
6a. Remaining follicle is left to become corpus luteum that secretes estrogen/progesterone during pregnancy and if no pregnancy gets degraded - Repeat
24
Q
Menstrual cycle
A
- Follicular phase: grow follicles
- Ovulation: LH surge
- Luteal phase: death of corpus luteum
- Menstruation
25
Q
Fertilization
A
- Sperm enters vagina
- Sperm has acrosome reaction once it touches egg…allows sperm to cleave past granulosa cells and zonal pellucida
- Cortical reaction occurs which prevents other sperm from entry
- Ova finalizes meiosis becoming a ovum
- Fertilization: when nuclei of sperm and ovum mix
26
Q
Growth of zygote
A
- Cleavage of zygote: rapid cell divisions which create morula
- Morula divides until it forms fluid filled blastocyst which lodges into uterus in a process called implantation
2a. Before implantation, blastocyst secretes HCG that prevents degeneration of corpus luteum which maintains estrogen and progesterone
27
Q
Gastrulation
A
- Ectoderm: nervous system
- Mesoderm: muscles
- Endoderm: respiratory and digestive system