Chapter 9 Carbon Dioxide

Question 1

_____________ changed the composition of the atmosphere so that there was more oxygen and less CO2

Early mammals
Correct Cyanobacteria
Asteroid impacts
Trees

Answer 1

Cyanobacteria

Question 2

Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature on Earth would be how much colder than present?

61 °F
50 °F
20 °F
6 °F

Answer 2

61 °F

Question 3

All of the following are reasons why political economists prefer non-market regulatory solutions, EXCEPT:

Decreasing emissions could make a firm less competitive.

The sites of emissions and the sites of impacts are usually different.

It is an example of the first contradiction in capitalism.

Wealthy people produce the most carbon, and are usually the least affected by it.

Answer 3

It is an example of the first contradiction in capitalism.

Question 4

The data that were used to make the Keeling curve come from

direct measurements of sea level.
direct measurements of ice cores.
direct measurements of carbon dioxide.
direct and proxy measurements of temperature

Answer 4

direct measurements of carbon dioxide.

Question 5

Proxy data covering the past 800,000 years shows that as CO2 levels have increased on Earth, temperatures have:

had no relationship to CO2 concentration.
decreased
stayed the same
increased

Answer 5

increased

Question 6

The _______ was enacted in order to specifically reduce the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere.

Montreal Protocol
Copenhagen Treaty
Kyoto Protocol
US Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement

Answer 6

Montreal Protocol

Question 7

A developing country is likely to emit more carbon dioxide per capita than a developed country.

True
False

Answer 7

False

Question 8

The Keeling curve shows an overall increasing trend in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Selected Answer:

True
False

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Paying a factory owner to reduce carbon emissions would be an example of utilizing the Coase theorem.

True
False

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The _______ was signed in 2005 as one example of a local response to the global problem of climate change.

US Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement
Carbon Offset Referendum
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol

Answer 10

US Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection

Question 11

CO2 levels fluctuate throughout the year, with the seasons. During which season would we expect to see the lowest levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere?

Spring
Fall
Winter
Summer

Answer 11

Summer

Question 12

Environmental regulation in the U.S. has traditionally relied on what type of policies?

Ecocentric
Incentive-based
Command-and-control
Ethics-based

Answer 12

Command-and-control

Question 13

The greenhouse effect is necessary for life on Earth as we know it.

True
False

Answer 13

True

Question 14

A market environmentalist would argue that given the right ________ companies would innovate and reduce their emissions without need for command-and-control policies.

market mechanisms
incentives
governmental monitoring
regulation standards

Answer 14

incentives

Question 15

The greenhouse effect is a natural process.
Selected Answer:

True
False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Two billion years ago Earth’s atmosphere had more carbon dioxide than oxygen in it.

True
False

Answer 16

True

Question 17

At the time the Kyoto Protocol was proposed, which nation was the largest producer of carbon emissions in the world?

China
India
Mexico
United States

Answer 17

United States

Question 18

The movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, plants, animals, and soil is known as _______.

photosynthesis
the carbon dioxide cycle
the carbon cycle
the greenhouse effect

Answer 18

the carbon cycle

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT true concerning global emissions of carbon dioxide?

Negative impacts are not always felt in the same place that carbon is emitted.

Only a few countries would benefit from the reduction of greenhouse gases.

Countries that benefit from carbon emission reductions without experiencing the costs are free-riders.

Only countries that make reductions in carbon emissions would suffer.

Answer 19

Only a few countries would benefit from the reduction of greenhouse gases.

Question 20

All of the following are considered proxy records that have been used to estimate Earth’s temperatures for thousands of years prior to direct measurement, EXCEPT

Ice Cores
Tree rings
Ancient coral reefs
Ozone monitoring

Answer 20

Ozone monitoring

Question 21

Many scientists assert that the Earth is changing as a result of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Which of the following statements is NOT some of the evidence given?

Global sea level has risen about 8 inches over the last century.

Nearly all mountain glaciers have retreated or disappeared in the last century.

The ocean has become more acidic over the last century.

Temperatures have increased about 6 °F over the last century.

Answer 21

Temperatures have increased about 6 °F over the last century.

Question 22

The Kyoto Protocol sets mandatory, legally-binding emission reduction targets for all parties subject to it.

True
False

Answer 22

False

Question 23

The link to ___________ is the primary reason that efforts to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have not been as successful as they could have been.

religion
economy
politics
ethics

Answer 23

economy

Question 24

What is cited as one of the benefits of the Kyoto Protocol that made it easier for many countries to sign on?

Enforceability
Accountability
Flexibility
Equality

Answer 24

Flexibility

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true concerning Annex 1 countries in the Kyoto Protocol?

These countries generally have stable or declining populations.

These countries emit less CO2 per capita than developing countries.

These countries include the “developed” countries of the world.

These countries emitted the most CO2 in order to become developed

Answer 25

These countries emit less CO2 per capita than developing countries.

Question 26

Most of Earth’s carbon is locked up in what?

Earth’s forests
Earth’s living organisms
Earth’s oceans
Earth’s crust

Answer 26

Earth’s crust

Question 27

All of the following are greenhouse gases, EXCEPT:

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Methane
HCFCs

Answer 27

Nitrogen

Question 28

According to records, CO2 levels have been increasing about ___% per year since 1958?

0.5
10
5
1

Answer 28

0.5

Question 29

Global warming is the term used to describe all forms of long-term climate fluctuations.

True
False

Answer 29

False

Question 30

A market environmentalist would most likely support _______ as a solution to address climate change?

command-and-control
institutionalized agreements such as Montreal Protocol
building collective relationships between parties involved
carbon offset programs

Answer 30

carbon offset programs