Chapter 10 Trees

Question 1

In a ecocentric view regarding trees, whose interests should be protected?

Market forces
Trees.
A combination of trees and humans globally.
Local communities to protect their livelihood.

Answer 1

Trees

Question 2

The ______ states that initial development in a region will cause deforestation, but as the economy changes and people migrate out of rural areas the forest will recover.

theory of ecological succession
forest succession theory
forest transition theory
theory of reconciliation ecology

Answer 2

forest transition theory

Question 3

All of the following are potential problems with plantations, EXCEPT:

Plantations push organisms out of an ecosystem, potentially causing extinctions.
Plantations contain less biodiversity.
Plantations offer fewer ecosystem services.
Plantations protect native plant species from extinction.

Answer 3

Plantations protect native plant species from extinction.

Question 4

A person with an anthropocentric viewpoint would strongly favor attributing legal rights to trees.

True
False

Answer 4

False

Question 5

The forest transition theory says that innovation and substitution of other resources will lead to:

secondary succession
disturbances
further deforestation
primary succession

Answer 5

secondary succession

Question 6

Under capitalist production systems, farmers in areas of agricultural decline are least likely to

increase inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides.
undergo extensification and intensification.
increase the land area under production.
abandon their fields and look for other work.

Answer 6

abandon their fields and look for other work.

Question 7

The recovery of forests in Europe is likely due to

economic development as predicted by the forest transition theory.

All of the choices are correct.
the availability of forests in other regions.
the spatial fix.

Answer 7

All of the choices are correct.

Question 8

Purchasing items designated as “fair trade” helps to promote uneven development in the market.

True
False

Answer 8

False

Question 9

In the process of succession, which of the following shows the correct order of succession?

climax vegetation, disturbance, succession
succession, climax vegetation, disturbance
succession, disturbance, climax vegetation
disturbance, succession, climax vegetation

Answer 9

climax vegetation, disturbance, succession

Question 10

According to a political economy perspective, the best option for dealing with deforestation is to wait and allow the markets to encourage preservation activities.

True
False

Answer 10

False

Question 11

An event that permanently or temporarily alters the vegetation in an ecosystem is called a(n):

Disturbance
Reconciliation ecology
Succession
Induced intensification

Answer 11

Disturbance

Question 12

All of the following are examples of reconciliation ecology except:

shade-grown agriculture.
ecotourism.
constructed coral reefs for tourism
monoculture timber plantation.

Answer 12

monoculture timber plantation.

Question 13

A way to maintain both human activities and ecosystem services is called:

Reconciliation ecology
Succession theory
Forest transition theory
Anthropocentric ecology

Answer 13

Reconciliation ecology

Question 14

All of the following are examples of natural forest disturbance, EXCEPT:

Controlled burns
Widespread disease
Insect infestations
Windstorms

Answer 14

Controlled burns

Question 15

Benefits that an organic system creates though its function such as food, clean air or water, energy, and nutrient cycling are known as _______.

succession
biodiversity
climax vegetation
ecosystem services

Answer 15

ecosystem services

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a process by which deforestation occurs?

Acid rain
Clearing land for agriculture
Logging
Plantation creation

Answer 16

Plantation creation

Question 17

All of the following are concerns regarding reforestation, EXCEPT:

Reforestation leads to more trees on the planet.
Humans are selecting the composition of the world’s forests.
Forests are selectively preserved.
Not all forests that should be preserved are preserved.

Answer 17

Reforestation leads to more trees on the planet.

Question 18

All of the following are examples of reforestation efforts, EXCEPT:

Preservation
Clearing land for agriculture
Plantation creation
Reconciliation ecology

Answer 18

Clearing land for agriculture

Question 19

Rates of forestation and deforestation vary around the world, but overall global forest cover has declined.

True
False

Answer 19

True

Question 20

The area of rainforest coverage in Costa Rica is currently:

about three-fourths of what it once was.
about half as much as it ever was.
higher than it has ever been.
almost none.

Answer 20

about half as much as it ever was.

Question 21

Trees are used by people in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

Humans use trees for all of these purposes, and many, many more!

Tree worship has existed throughout history and to modern times.

Trees have been used for food, shelter and even travel.

Trees have been used in recreation, art, defense and even weapons.

Answer 21

Humans use trees for all of these purposes, and many, many more!

Question 22

Because trees cannot communicate their own interests, humans have to decide what is best for them, and that often includes expressing our own interests.

True
False

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Reforestation in certain areas often depends on deforestation in other areas.

True
False

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Forest activism such as the Chipko and rubber trappers’ movements focus as much on the protection of livelihoods as the protection of trees themselves.

True
False

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Which of the following ideas suggests that scarcity of trees through deforestation will lead to innovation and substitution of other resources so that trees can recover?

All of the choices are correct
Forest transition theory
Market response model
Induced intensification

Answer 25

All of the choices are correct

Question 26

All of the following are limits of the forest transition theory, EXCEPT:

Assuming that further deforestation may be necessary.
Assuming that forest recovery is possible in all regions.
Assuming that the forest will recover to its original condition.
Assuming that an economic transition will eventually occur to allow reforestation.

Answer 26

Assuming that further deforestation may be necessary.

Question 27

An example of uneven development regarding deforestation would include:

U.S. ownership of the world’s bananas.
Fair trade sugar from the Caribbean.
Locally grown shade coffee.
The farmer’s market in Ann Arbor.

Answer 27

U.S. ownership of the world’s bananas.

Question 28

Much environmental activism has resulted in cooperation between wealthy environmental interest groups and local people to protect their livelihoods.

True
False

Answer 28

True

Question 29

After a disturbance, a forest will always return to its climax vegetation.

True
False

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Deforestation provides an example of the second contradiction of capitalism.

True
False

Answer 30

True