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Biology Exam #3 > Chapter 9 (Biodiversity 2: Fungi and Plants) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Biodiversity 2: Fungi and Plants) Flashcards

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1
Q

What traits are common among all fungi?

A

Eukaryotes that acquire nutrients by absorption.

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2
Q

What are some common fungi?

A

Penicillium - Creates Penicillin
Yeast - Unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding. Used in bread and to ferment grains and fruit.
Parasitic Fungi - Like those responsible for ringworm and athlete’s foot.
Lichen - A symbiotic association of unicellular photosynthetic algae and fungi.
Molds - Reproduce asexually by producing spores
Edible Fungi - Like Button Mushrooms, Corn Smut, Blue Cheese, and Black Truffles.

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3
Q

What are the two main parts of a mushroom?

A

1) Mushroom - The aboveground reproductive structure.

2) Mycelium - The belowground supporting structure.

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4
Q

What are the mushroom and mycelium made of?

A

Threadlike hyphae.

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5
Q

What chemical is hyphae composed of?

A

Chitin.

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6
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Via spores on the underside of the cap of the mushroom.

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7
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

Haploid spores produced via cell division drop and germinate. The spores are all genetically identical.

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8
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

The hyphae of two parents join and the haploid cells of each fuse resulting in a zygote with diploid cells. The diploid cells than divide producing genetically distinct haploid spores.

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9
Q

Who are the common ancestors of plants?

A

Charophytes/Algae.

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10
Q

What do plants need to survive in terrestrial environments?

A

1) Ability to Obtain and Retain Moisture
2) Stiff Structures to Support the Plant Against Gravity
3) Protected Gametes and Embryos to Prevent Them From Drying Out
4) Roots to Stay in Place
5) Nutrient absorption and distribution across the plant
6) Photosynthesis in the leaves.

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11
Q

What is a plant?

A

A terrestrial multicellular eukaryote that conducts photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What are the two main plant organ systems?

A

Shoot System - The aboveground photosynthetic structures exposed to light and air.
Root System - Belowground anchorage structures exposed to water and minerals in soil.

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13
Q

What are the specific terrestrial adaptations plants have?

A

1) Pollen - Protects Sperm for Reproduction via wind & animal.
2) Egg - Remains in female reproductive organ allowing them to develop in the mother’s body.
3) Vascular System - Network of Tubes that transports water, sugar, and minerals.
4) Cuticle - Waxy coating that prevents water loss.
5) Leaves - The main site of photosynthesis and gas exchange at the stoma
6) Lignin - The Chemical in the walls of some cells that stiffens them and increases structural support against gravity.

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14
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

A symbiotic association of fungi and plant roots that help provide the roots with water and minerals from the soil and the fungi with sugar from the plant.

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15
Q

What are the two forms of root symbiosis?

A

1) Root Nodules that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

2) Mycorrhizae.

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16
Q

What structure increases the surface area of roots for absorption?

A

Root Hairs.

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17
Q

What are the two types of roots?

A

1) Short, Shallow Roots.

2) Large vertical taproots.

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18
Q

What are the parts of the Shoot System?

A

1) Terminal Bud - Newly forming leaves at the tip of the stem that increases the exposure of the plant to sunlight.
2) Flower - The reproductive structure in some plants.
3) Node - The point on the stem where the leaf attaches
4) Internode - The region of the stem between nodes.
5) Leaf - The primary site of photosynthesis. Made up of the Petiole (stalk) and Blade (Leaf)
6) Stem - Supports the Leaves and Flowers Aboveground.

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19
Q

What are the main parts of the vascular tissue of plants?

A

1) Phloem - Transports Sugar
2) Xylem - Transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves
3) Stoma - regulate the intake and release of gases used in photosynthesis.

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20
Q

What is the structural hierarchy of plants?

A

1) Plant Cell - Has a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplast, ER, Central Vacuole, Plasmodesmata, and Cell Wall.
2) Plant Tissue - A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function like Xylem and Phloem
3) Plant Organs - Organs are made up of several types of tissue that for together to carry out a specific function. These include roots and stems.
4) Plant Tissue Systems - The main organizing categories of organs.

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21
Q

What are the three plant tissue systems?

A

Vascular Tissue System - Provides long distance of water and nutrients.
Ground Tissue System - Provides Support, Store Nutrients and Performs Photosynthesis
Dermal Tissue System - Regulates Gas Exchange

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22
Q

What are the four major groups of plants that have evolved?

A

1) Nonvascular Plants
2) Seedless Vascular Plants
3) Gymnosperms
4) Angiosperms

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23
Q

Who is the common ancestor of all evolved plants?

A

Ancestral Green Algae.

24
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

Nonvascular plants.

25
Q

What are the two forms of bryophytes?

A

1) Gametophyte - Sponge-like plant that forms a mat.

2) Sporophyte - Stalk with a capsule as its tip.

26
Q

How do bryophytes reproduce?

A

Via Spores.

27
Q

What are three main types of bryophytes?

A

1) Moss
2) Liverwort
3) Hornwort

28
Q

What is the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

1) Germination
2) Mitosis into formation
3) Mitosis to produce gametes
4) Gametes Fertilized into a Zygote
5) Develops into a spore capsule that can release spores that germinate.

29
Q

What are the two most important parts of the vascular tissue system?

A

Xylem - Transports Water and Nutrients

Phloem - Transports Sugar from made or stored to other parts of the plant.

30
Q

How does sugar flow?

A

From a source to a sink.

31
Q

What process moves water through a plant?

A

Transpiration.

32
Q

What is the order of transpiration?

A

1) Water moves from soil –> Roots
2) Water moves within xylem tubes in the stems
3) Then water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves.

33
Q

What are the two adaptations present in seedless vascular plants?

A

1) Supporting Cells Lined with lignin

2) Vascular Tissue

34
Q

What are the main parts of a fern?

A

1) Frond - Large Leaves with Many Leaflets radiating from a central vein.
2) Lignin - Cells stiffened to allow plants to stand up straight and tall.
3) Roots
4) Vascular Tissue
5) Spore Capsules

35
Q

Which part of the fern is the sporophyte and which is the gametophyte?

A

Sporophyte - Above-ground.

Gametophyte - on or below the ground.

36
Q

What are three main seedless vascular plants?

A

Ferns
Lycophyte
Carboniferous Forest –> COAL

37
Q

How do Ferns Reproduce?

A

Via Spores.

38
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

First plants to evolve seeds. Has them inside cones.

39
Q

What are the main parts of a gymnosperm?

A

1) Pollen Producing Cone
2) Pollen
3) Wood
4) Needles
5) Seeds
6) Ovule Producing Cone

40
Q

What are some common gymnosperms?

A

1) Conifers
2) Bristlecone pine
3) Cycads
4) Redwoods

41
Q

How do Gymnosperms Reproduce?

A

Sperm produced by the pollen producing cone get carried into the ovule producing cones and are fertilized. Those fertilized seeds are carried and germinate to produce more pollen and ovule producing cones.

42
Q

What are angiosperms known for?

A

Flowering and fruits?

43
Q

What is a flower?

A

A complex reproductive structure that houses the ovary and develops into fruit and seeds.

44
Q

What are the two groups of angiosperms?

A

Monocots

Dicots

45
Q

What are the key features of Monocots?

A

1) One cotyledon
2) Fiberous root system
3) Leaf Veins Usually Parallel
4) Floral Parts Usually in Multiples of Three

46
Q

What are the key features of Dicot?

A

1) Two Cotyledons
2) Taproot usually present
3) Leaf Veins Usually Branched
4) Floral Parts Usually in Fours of Fives

47
Q

What are the main parts of a flower?

A

The Petals - Attract Pollinators
The Stamen - The pollen producing structure that contains an anther to produce pollen and a filament that holds up the anther.
The Carpel - The egg producing structure that contains a stigma platform of pollen, a style that the sperm travel though to reach the egg, and an ovary chamber that surrounds and protects one or more ovules.

48
Q

What is fruit?

A

A mature plant ovary that contains a seed.

49
Q

What is a seed in fruit?

A

A dormant plant embryo.

50
Q

What differentiates seeds in gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

Seeds in angiosperms are protected within the ovary and dormant for a long period of time until favorable conditions exist.

51
Q

What are the three types of lifespans for angiosperms?

A

Annuals - Every Year it can Germinate, Flower and Fruit.
Biennials - Every Two Years it Germinates and Flowers. Germinates year one and flowers year 2.
Perennials - Flower and Fruit Every Spring and Summer for a Long Time

52
Q

What is primary growth?

A

The upward growth of the stem through the meristems in angiosperms.

53
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

The thickening of stems of roots and made visible by growth rings formed as the meristem tissues die and are replaced.

54
Q

What are the main characteristics of animals?

A

1) Eukaryotes
2) Heterotrophs
3) Multicellular

55
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

Can be split into roughly two mirrored halves down the midline only.

56
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

Possessed only by cnidarians and can be split into even halves at any point that passes through the center.

57
Q

What are the vast majority of animals?

A

Invertebrates.

Biology Exam #3 (3 decks)

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