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Biology Exam #3 > Chapter 8 (Biodiversity 1: Microorganisms) > Flashcards

Chapter 8 (Biodiversity 1: Microorganisms) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define prokaryotes.

A

Organisms with cells that are relatively small and more primitive that lack membrane bound organelles.

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2
Q

What are the structural features of prokaryotes?

A

1) A flagella for cell propulsion and movement.
2) A capsule that helps the cell stick to surfaces and provides protection
3) A cell wall located outside the plasma membrane.
4) In some an endospore can form that acts as a thick shelled container that protects the cell when conditions become too harsh and dissipates once the environment becomes hospitable again.

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3
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary Fission which literally splits the cell and half and produces genetically identical cells.

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4
Q

What are the three shapes of prokaryotic cells?

A

1) Cocci - Spherical Cells that May Be Found Alone, In Chains, Or In Clusters
2) Bacilli - Rod Shaped Cells that can be found singly or in chains
3) Spiral - Usually Occur Singly.

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5
Q

How do Prokaryotes get their nutrients?

A

They produce their food using energy and molecular building blocks obtained from the environment.

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6
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Organized colonies of one or several species attached to a surface.

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7
Q

What are the three types of Archaea?

A

1) Methanogens
2) Halophiles
3) Thermophiles

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8
Q

What are Methanogens and Where do they live?

A

Methanogens are archaea that emit methane gas as a waste product of their metabolism and live in anaerobic environments.

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9
Q

What are Halophiles and where do they live?

A

Halophiles are archaea that that thrive in vary salty environments and tolerate salt concentrations 5 - 10 times higher than that of seawater. The environments often turn colors as a result of the dense growth and colorful pigments of halophiles.

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10
Q

What are Thermophiles and where do they live?

A

Thermophiles are archaea that live and grow in high-temperature environments.

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11
Q

What are the functions of some helpful bacteria?

A

1) Sewage Treatment
2) Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
3) Decomposers
4) Probiotics
5) Bioremediation

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12
Q

What are pathogens?

A

The few species of bacteria that can cause serious illness.

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13
Q

What are some examples of harmful pathogens?

A

1) Staph Infections
2) Bubonic Plague
3) Lyme Disease
4) Anthrax
5) Salmonella

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14
Q

What are the four ways a bacteria can transfer DNA?

A

1) Transformation
2) Conjugation
3) Transduction
4) Plasmids

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15
Q

What is transformation?

A

The uptake of naked DNA from the surrounding environment into a bacterial cell.

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16
Q

What is conjugation?

A

The transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells through a physical bridge via a sex pilus.

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17
Q

What is transduction?

A

The transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage.

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18
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria.

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19
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small circular DNA molecule that contains just a few genes and can produce proteins that perform specific functions in the cell. Can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

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20
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

A series of internal membranes and membrane enclosed organelles that are largely interconnected.

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21
Q

How did Ancestral Prokaryotes evolve into Eukaryotes?

A

Via the infolding of the plasma membrane into the organelles we have today.

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22
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small sac of membrane that moves within the cell.

23
Q

What are the cell parts in the Endomembrane system?

A

1) Endoplasmic Reticulum.
2) Nuclear Envelope
3) Golgi Apparatus
4) Vesicle
5) Plasma Membrane

24
Q

What is Endosymbiosis?

A

A key stage in the evolution of eukaryotic cells where one species lived inside another host species.

25
Q

What are the organelles that evolved as a result of endosymbiosis?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.

26
Q

What is the term protist used to refer to?

A

Any eukaryote that does not belong to the Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia Kingdoms.

27
Q

What are five major types of protists?

A

1) Protozoans
2) Amoebas
3) Slime Molds
4) Algae
5) Seaweeds.

28
Q

What are protozoans?

A

Protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating.

29
Q

What are amoebas?

A

Single-celled protists with great flexibility in their bodily form as they crawl over and ingest food using pseudopodia.

30
Q

What are slime molds?

A

Protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle. Are decomposers and break down the bodies of dead organisms.

31
Q

What are algae?

A

Photosynthetic protists able to produce their own food in sunlight.

32
Q

What is responsible for “red tides”?

A

Dinoflagellates abundant in plankton.

33
Q

What is seaweed?

A

Large, multicellular marine algae that grow on rocky shores and shallow marine habitats and classified by pigment in their chloroplasts.

34
Q

What are the three colors of seaweed?

A

1) Green
2) Red
3) Brown.

35
Q

What are colonies?

A

Loose physical associations of individual free-living cells.

36
Q

What is the sequence of evolution of multicellular eukaryotes?

A

1) Unicellular protists
2) Colonies of Protists
3) Specialization within groups of members of the colony.
4) Continued specialization resulted in the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction exclusively.

37
Q

List in order the big steps in the history of evolution on Earth and when they occurred.

A

1) Origin of Earth - 4.6 bya
2) Origin of Prokaryotes - 3.5 bya
3) Origin of Eukaryotes - 2.1 bya
4) Origin of Multicellular Life - 1.2 bya
5) Origin of Animals - 600 mya
6) Colonization of Land - 490 mya
7) Appearance of Humans - 2.5 mya

38
Q

What are viruses?

A

Non-living parasites that exhibit some, but not all, qualities of life.

39
Q

What are the three main structural elements of a virus?

A

1) Recognition Spike - protrudes from the capsid and allows it to bond to certain host cells.
2) Capsid - The outer coat of a virus made up of one or few proteins repeated in a certain order.
3) Nucleic Acid that can take the form of single or double helix DNA or RNA.

40
Q

Describe the Lytic Cycle in Bacteriophages.

A

Starts when the Recognition Spike pings to the target cell. It the injects the DNA into the host and uses the cell’s machinery to create copies of itself and the burst out of the cell and find new hosts to infect.

41
Q

Describe the Lysogenic Cycle in Bacteriophages.

A

The viral DNA inserted by the bacteriophage becomes part of the bacterial DNA and is copied into daughter cells and eventually removes itself from the bacterial DNA and then starts the Lytic Cycle.

42
Q

What are four common types of viruses?

A

1) Influenza
2) Herpesvirus
3) Measles
4) Tobacco Mosaic

43
Q

What is AIDS caused by?

A

HIV.

44
Q

What is the structure of HIV?

A

Envelope - two layers of phosolipid membrane taken from last infected cell.
Recognition Proteins
Reverse Transcriptase - Two copies of the enzyme and is vital to the life cycle of the virus
Capsid - 2,000 copies of a single protein
RNA Genome - 2 copies of single stranded RNA that encodes 9 vital genes.

45
Q

What do Anti-HIV drugs do and how?

A

Interferes with reverse transcriptase by mimicking Thymine.

46
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus with an RNA genome converted to DNA prior to reproduction.

47
Q

What is the HIV lifecycle?

A

1) Binds to a human cell and injects its viral RNA
2) Viral RNA converted to two strands of DNA via reverse transcriptase
3) Newly created DNA enters the cell nucleus and is incorporated into the human chromosome
4) Viral DNA is transcribed into many copies of the viral RNA.
5) various parts created then spontaneously assemble into new copies of HIV and the bud outwards from the cell.

48
Q

What is an emerging virus?

A

One that has rapidly come to the attention of scientists.

49
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An agent that causes disease.

50
Q

What are the two classes of pathogen simpler than viruses?

A

Prions and Viroid.

51
Q

What is a prion?

A

An infectious proteins that are actually misshapen versions of normal brain proteins.

52
Q

What are some examples of prion diseases?

A

Mad Cow Disease
Chronic Wasting Disease
Kuru
Scrapie

53
Q

What are viroids?

A

small circular single-stranded RNA molecules capable of infecting and causing disease in plants.

54
Q

What are some examples of viroids?

A

Potato Spindle Tuber
Peach Latent Mosaic
Apple Scar Skin

Biology Exam #3 (3 decks)

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