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Drugs > Chapter 9-Alcohol > Flashcards

Chapter 9-Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

Where is alcohol consumption most and least prevalent?

A

It the highest in uganda and some places in Europe.
It’s the lowest in the middle east and the.
The U.S is in the middle.

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2
Q

Where are deaths attributed to alcohol the highest?

A

Russia

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3
Q

What are the estimated costs to the US for alcohol related morbidity and mortality?

A

~$300 billion

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4
Q

a study of beer residue in Egypt tombs dating to 2000 BC provided evidence of what?

A

that the brewing process was more sophisticated than originally thought

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5
Q

how did the Egyptians brew their alcohol?

A

they blended water and malt to produce a refined liquid.

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6
Q

When did the earliest reference to distilled spirits come about?

A

In China about 1000 BC

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7
Q

When was the earliest record of distilled spirits production and consumption in western Europe?

A

800 AD

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8
Q

Who was the first to attribute social problems to distilled spirits?

A

Europeans

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9
Q

Who did the Colonial US adopt drinking customs from?

A

Europe

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10
Q

Why did pilgrims land on plymouth rock?

A

Mostly bc they were out of alcohol

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11
Q

Why were drinking attitudes in the colonial US positive?

A

because alcohol was seen as satisfying a number of physical, psychological and social needs.

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12
Q

How many drink as day did adult americans consume in 1790?

A

~3 drink/day

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13
Q

How many drinks a day did adult americans drink in 1830?

A

~5 drinks/day

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14
Q

Dr. Benjamin Rush

A

wrote treatise in 1785 on effects of distilled spirits in on human body and mind which was the basis for alcoholism as disease

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15
Q

when did the temperance movement gain strength?

A

in the 19th century

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16
Q

Temperance movement

A

Blamed saloons for social ills such as thievery, gambling, prostitution, and political corruption.

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17
Q

which industrialist supported the temperance movement and why?

A

Rockefeller, Carnegie, and ford, because they thought that abstinent employees would be more productive

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18
Q

When was prohibition ratified?

A

1917

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19
Q

when was prohibition enacted?

A

1920

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20
Q

Prohibition initially resulted in

A

a reduction of alcohol use

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21
Q

One of the upsides of prohibition was a decrease of

A

alcohol related illnesses and death such as liver disease

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22
Q

Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by

A

The 21st amendment

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23
Q

Alcohol consumption …..wen prohibition ended

A

Increased

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24
Q

True or false, alcohol has been known, manufactured, and used longer than nicotine and caffeine

A

true

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25
Q

alcoholic drinks are produces through

A

fermentation and distillation

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26
Q

fermentation

A

involves dissolving sugar in water adding yeast that multiply and eat the sugar. The yeast metabolizes the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The CO2 bubbles to the top, leaving ethanol.

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27
Q

What is the highest percent of alcohol that you get out of fermentation?

A

~15%

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28
Q

Grapes are fermented into

A

wine

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29
Q

grains are fermented into

A

beer

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30
Q

Distillation increases

A

ethanol content of fermented beverage

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31
Q

Proof

A

qual to twice the percentage of alcohol by volume

ex: 45% OH = 90 proof

32
Q

Following absorption, alcohol is distributed

A

to all body parts

33
Q

True or false: Alcohol levels in blood approximate that in brain and breath.

A

true

34
Q

LD-50 for alcohol is

A

0.45%-0.50% BAC

35
Q

How to estimate BAC

A

BAC=(no, of standard drinksX 0.025) - (no. hrs since drinking began X 0.015)

36
Q

what are some factors that affect BAC?

A

percent body fat, gender, food, rate of alcoholism metabolism

37
Q

What is another practical and precise way to measure BAC?

A

Breath analysis

38
Q

the probability of causing an accident ___ exponentially with ___ BAC

A

increases, increasing

39
Q

Which organ metabolized over 90% of OH absorbed?

A

the Liver

40
Q

at what rate does the liver metabolize OH?

A

at 0.35 ounces/hr (~0.025%/hr)

41
Q

Which organs excrete the unmetabolized OH?

A

Kidneys and Lungs

42
Q

Which rate order is alcohol

A

zero-order. constant amount is metabolized

43
Q

ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

44
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to

A

acetaldehyde

45
Q

Acetaldehyde is converted to acetic acid by

A

aldehyde dehydrogenase

46
Q

Aldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to

A

acetic acid

47
Q

Acetic acid is converted to CO2 and H2O by

A

kreb’s cycle

48
Q

The Kreb’s cycle converts Acetic acid to

A

CO2 and H2O

49
Q

As BAC increases acute effects

A

increase in number and intensity

50
Q

what is the major cause of fatal and nonfatal automobile accidents?

A

Alcohol

51
Q

What can a high BAC cause?

A

blackouts

52
Q

Alcohol impairs

A

short term memory

53
Q

French paradox

A

europeans are healthier despite their drinking habits. what they dont tell you is that even at low doses, alcohol affects your brain

54
Q

Alcohol is a CNS

A

depressant (slows down neurons and transmission)

55
Q

Alcohol acts at

A

GABA benzodiazepine receptors

56
Q

OH enhances

A

serotonergic and dopaminergic activity

57
Q

true or false:alcohol is classifies as food

A

true bc it provides calories but they are empty calories

58
Q

OH is absorbed primarily through the

A

small intestine

59
Q

Absorption is affected by

A

food

60
Q

how does milk affect absorption?

A

it slows it down

61
Q

how do carbonated drinks affect absorption?

A

it speed it up.

62
Q

What happens if you take asprin before drinking?

A

increases BAC bc it suppresses OH dehydrogenase

63
Q

withdrawal signs within hours:

A

anxiety, irritability, sweating, shakes, tremors, headaches

64
Q

withdrawal sign within a day

A

severe anxiety, dysphoria, hallucinations

65
Q

withdrawal signs from 3-5 days

A

exhaustion and dehydration

66
Q

how does alcohol consumption affect GABA

A

acute consumption: enhances GABA

Chronic consumption: eventually suppresses GABA

67
Q

which students drink the most?

A

first year white fraternity and sorority members and athletes

68
Q

What is an effect associated with chronic heavy drinking?

A

damage to most organ systems. most affected are the liver and brain.
Sexual dysfunction in men and women

69
Q

Liver problems include:

A

fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis

70
Q

Which diseases are reversible with abstinence?

A

Fatty Liver and Alcohol Hepatitis.

Cirrhosis is not.

71
Q

A plus from moderate consumption

A

lowered risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality

72
Q

What is a treatments for alcoholism?

A

Disulfiram (antabuse), Naltrexone(revia or vivitrol), Acamprosate (campral)

73
Q

How does Disulfiram work?

A

its blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase which causes an excess build up of acetaldehyde which then makes you feel sick.

74
Q

What are the effects of OH on GABA?

A

low doses: inhibit GABA thus increase DA

chronic consumption: increase GABA which causes withdrawal bc that then decreases DA

75
Q

what is a standard drink?

A

0.5 ounces

76
Q

which gender dies more from alcohol?

A

men

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