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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

the scientific study of drugs concerned with all info about the effects of chemical substances on living systems.

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2
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior

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3
Q

Drug

A

any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure.

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4
Q

Drug abuse

A

any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual or to others affected by the drug user’s behavior.

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5
Q

Different methods of drug classification

A 
Source
therapeutic use 
Site of action 
chemical structure
mechanism of action 
street name
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6
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior

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7
Q

Factors in the drug experience

A

Pharmacological

Non-Pharmacological

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8
Q

Pharmacological experience

A

route of dosage

route of administration

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9
Q

non-pharmacological experience

A

genetics
psychological set
environmental/context

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10
Q

Individuals from the age 12 who have reported marijuana use in the last year

A

~10%

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11
Q

Individuals from the age 12 who have reported Alcohol use in the last year

A

~66%

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12
Q

Individuals from the age 12 who have reported Cigarettes use in the last year

A

~29%

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13
Q

Which age group is the highest for reported drug use in the past year?

A

18-25

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14
Q

18-25 year olds who have reported alcohol use in the last year

A

~77.9

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15
Q

18-25 year olds who have reported cigarette use in the last year

A

~45%

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16
Q

Percentage of hispanics 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~6.6(drug)

~42.1(OH)

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17
Q

Percentage of whites 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~8.2 (drug)

~56.1 (OH)

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18
Q

Percentage of blacks 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~9.5% (drugs)

~39.3 (OH)

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19
Q

Percentage of males12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~10.4 (drugs)

~56.6 (OH)

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20
Q

Percentage of females 12 and older who reported illicit drug or alcohol use in past month

A

~5.8 (drug)

~46.0 (OH)

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21
Q

Direct cost of OH use in US

A

$200 billion

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22
Q

Direct cost of illicit drug use in US

A

$150 billion

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23
Q

Indirect costs of drug use

A

$150 Billion

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24
Q

Tolerance

A

need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.
you experience dysphoria, anxiety, and/or depression.

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25
Q

Withdrawal

A

the same substance is taken to relieve withdrawal effects

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26
Q

Substance dependence

A

have atleast 3 of the following in one year:
tolerance
withdrawal
taken larger amounts or over longer period than was intended
desired but unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control
large amounts of time spent to get the drug
activities given up or reduced due to use
consistent use despite being aware of the problem

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27
Q

Substance abuse

A

at least one of the following:
use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligatios (work, family etc)
continuous use in hazardous situations (ex:driving)
substance related legal problems
continued use despite social or interpersonal probs

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28
Q

Addiction

A

overwhelming involvement with using a drug, getting an adequate supply of it, and having a strong tendency to resume use of it after stopping for a period.

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29
Q

Are dependence and abuse considered to be the same?

A

No, they are considered separate diagnoses

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30
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Emotional state of craving a drug for either its positive effects or to avoid the negative effects associated with abuse

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31
Q

The DSM

A

Written by the American Psychiatric Association.
Used for classification of medical disorders.
used by medical professionals, insurance companies, policy makers and pharmaceutical companies.

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32
Q

Pharmacology

A

the scientific study of drugs. All info about the effect of drugs on living systems.
Has two branches: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

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33
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Branch of pharmacology concerned with absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination of drugs.

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34
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Branch of Pharmacology concerned with biochemical effects, physiological effects and mechanism of drug action.

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35
Q

Pharmacokinetics ADBE

A

Administration/Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation/metabolism
Elimination/Excretion

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36
Q

Routes of Administration

A 
Oral
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Inhalation
Intranasal
Sublingual
rectal
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37
Q

Oral Administration

A

among safest

food in stomach slows down absorption

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38
Q

subcutaneous Administration

A

easiest of injections routes
faster than oral
slower than intravenous or intramuscular
shouldnt be used when drug irritates skin or when you need large volumes
has constant absorption rate with sustained drug effect

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39
Q

Intramuscular

A

fast absorption
high risk of infection
deeper penetration

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40
Q

Intranvenous

A

one of the fastest absorption rates
effects can be immediate
easy to overdose
heroin

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41
Q

inhalation

A

only a small amount of drug at a time
can be fastest for some drugs
cocain

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42
Q

Intranasal

A

fat soluble drugs absorbed rapidly this way

can cause damage

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43
Q

sublingual

A

faster more effective than oral

better for drugs that irritate stomach

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44
Q

Eternal routes of admin

A

anything that goes through GI. Subject to first pass
oral
sublingual
rectal

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45
Q

First-Pass

A

goes through liver first

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46
Q

Parental

A 
not subject to first pas
transdermal
inhalation
intranasal
injection
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47
Q

Which acids and bases are better absorbed?

A

Weak acids and bases

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48
Q

Where are drugs usually absorbed?

A

Small intestine

49
Q

Bioavailability

A

the portion of the drug that reaches its site of action.

50
Q

Albumin

A

A very common plasma protein that bind to drugs

51
Q

Effective Dose (ED)

A

the dose at which a specific group of people experience the effects
usually ED50

52
Q

Lethal Dose

A

Dose at which a certain percentage of patients die within a specified time.
ED 50

53
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

the measure of a drugs safety in medical care

LD50/ED50

54
Q

Zero Order Kinetics

A

rate of metabolism is constant, it’s independent of concentration
ex alcohol.

55
Q

first order kinetics

A

rate of metabolism depends on concentration.

56
Q

Drug potency

A

the minimum dose needed to produce its effect

57
Q

Drug efficacy

A

the peak of a drug effect

58
Q

Slope

A

how much a drug dose must change to create an effect.

59
Q

Excretion

A

can me excreted directly or be metabolized.

directly excreted in stool, urine, respiration, perspiration.

60
Q

Half-life

A

time for half the drug to be eliminated.

dosing interval.

61
Q

Agonist in efficacy curve

A

Agonist make it go to the left of the curve. So you need a lower dose to get the effect.

62
Q

Antagonist on efficacy curve

A

Make it go to the right so you need a higher dosage to get the effect

63
Q

What plays the biggest factor on drug effect?

A

Dosage

64
Q

Different types of receptors

A

on presynaptic terminal
on postsynaptic terminal
Ionotropic
Metabotropic

65
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

ions go through it
typically fast.
faster than metabotropic

66
Q

Metabotropic

A

Metabolizes chemicals
invovle activation of second messenger systems
Typically slow
Ca2+ usually main ion

67
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A 
Acetylcholine
monoamines (seratonin and catecholamines)
endorphines
amino acids (GABA and GLUT)
lipids
gases (NO)
68
Q

Catecholamines

A

are monoamines

include: DA, NE, E

69
Q

DA hypothesis of parkinsons

A

you dont have as much DA as you should. they use L-Dopa with carbadopa to treat.

70
Q

DA id converted from ____

A

Tyrosine

71
Q

Acetycholine is synthesized by:

A

choline acetyltransferase

72
Q

Acetylcholine is degraded by:

A

acetylcholinesterase

73
Q

Acetylcholine is for

A

arousal pathways in sleep (and REM sleep)
learning pathways
neuromuscular junction
autonomic ganglia

74
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

Nicotinic (ionotropic)

Muscarinic (metabotropic)

75
Q

catecholamine are for

A

emotional arousal and the initiation of movement

76
Q

DA receptors

A

D-2 and D-1

77
Q

Catecholamine receptor

A

Adrenergic

78
Q

botoxin

A

lowers acetylcholine

freezes muscles

79
Q

VMAT

A

replaces catecholamines from cytoplasm

80
Q

MAO

A

involved in metabolizing Catecholamines

81
Q

GABA’s role in DA release

A

GABA inhibits DA so is GABA is up DA is down

82
Q

Tyrosine is converted to L-Dopa by:

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

83
Q

L-Dopa is converted to DA from:

A

Dopa Decarboxylase

84
Q

Three pathways of DA

A

can be packaged into vesicles
can be turned into melanin
can be turned into Dopal

85
Q

DA is converted to Dopal by:

A

monoamine oxylase (MAO)

86
Q

Dopal is converted to Dopac by:

A

aldehyde dehyrdrogenase

87
Q

D2 receptors

A

biomarkers of DA

when DA is up they go up same with down

88
Q

agonist

A

increase effect of drug

89
Q

antagonist

A

decrease effect of drug

90
Q

Native american were found using which drug?

A

tabacoo and peyote

91
Q

Pilgrims used which drug?

A

alcohol

92
Q

which drug was used during the civil war?

A

morphine

93
Q

tonics had____in them in the 1800-1900s

A

cocain, opium

94
Q

great britain’s prohibition was called

A

temperance movement

95
Q

what was done to try to stop drug use?

A

taxes were imposed and laws were created

96
Q

opium wars

A

GB taking opium to china china made bc of addiction GB won and got hong kong

97
Q

drug use in 1920

A

marijuana (bc of prohibition)

98
Q

drug use in 1914

A

cocain in tonics

99
Q

Drug use in 1930

A

amphetimines to treat depression

100
Q

drug use in 1950

A

tranquilizers and inhalants

101
Q

drug use in 1960

A

LSD and hallucinogens

102
Q

drug use in 1970 (nam war)

A

heroin

103
Q

drug use in 1980s

A

cocain

104
Q

where does morphine get its name?

A

morpheus god of sleep

105
Q

MDMA is also known as

A

Ecstacy

106
Q

Crack down in SF

A

on opium dens run by chinese men

107
Q

pure food an drug act

A

mostly to regulate opiate pain killers

108
Q

harrison narcotics tax act

A

to regulate opiates. Docs can only prescribe or med use. increased heroin use

109
Q

Alcohol Prohibition

A 
18th amendment
repealed by 21st amendment
cause rise in marijuana
liver disease went down 
mostly started by women's christian temperance union
110
Q

Since prohibition

A

crackdown on marijuana
regulation on OH sales
fed bureau of narcotics
controlled Substances Act: passed in 1970

111
Q

DEA Scheduled drugs

A

1: high potential for abuse, no med use
2: high pot for abuse, accepte med use, can lead to severee psych or phys dependence
3: not so abused, med use, low chance of dependence
4: low abuse low dependence med use
5: limited amounts of narcotics

112
Q

Schedule 1 drugs

A 
heroin 
marijuana
peyote
hash
LSD
113
Q

schedule 2 dugs

A 
opium 
morphine
ritalin
cocain
oxycodone
114
Q

schedule 3 drugs

A

meds with codeine
vicodan
ketamine

115
Q

schedule 4 drugs

A

xanax
valium
these are antianxiety drugs

116
Q

schedule 5 drugs

A

robitussin

117
Q

drug compartmentalization

A

get trapped and then can’t go to site of action. ions prone to this

118
Q

which drug is metabolized he fastest? the slowest?

A

OH is the fastest
Marijuana is the slowest
OH>cocain>opiates>marijuana

Drugs (8 decks)

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