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Genetics > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

the study of DNA structure and function at the molecular level.

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2
Q

Molecular genetic technology used in

A

Biochemistry, cell biology, and microbiology

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3
Q

Genetic material criteria (4):

A
  1. Information: The genetic material must contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism.
  2. Transmission: During reproduction, the genetic material must be passed from parents to offspring.
  3. Replication: Because the genetic material is passed from parents to offspring, and from mother cell to daughter cells during cell division, it must be copied.
  4. Variation: Within any species, a significant amount of phenotypic variability occurs.
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4
Q

1880s: August Weismann and Carl Nägeli

A

Championed the idea that a chemical substance within living cells is responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. The chromosome theory of inheritance was developed, and experimentation demonstrated that the chromosomes are the carriers of the genetic material.

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5
Q

Steptococcus Experiment

Type S and R

A

Type S: kills mouse + isolated bacteria

Type R: mouse survives + no isolated bacteria

Heat killed S type: mouse survives + no isolated bacteria

Living R and killed S: mouse dies + isolated bacteria

This is called TRANSFORMATION

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6
Q

Digesting Enzymes

A

DNase: Digest DNA

RNase: Digest RNA

Protease: Digest proteins

  • When the mouse extract was treated with DNase it lost it’s ability to convert R to S type
  • DNA is the transforming principle
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7
Q

Nucleotides

A

Form the repeating structural unit of nucleic acids

Link to form a strand of DNA or RNA

3 components: One phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Vary depending on sugar and nitrogenous base

Sugars: deoxyribose and ribose
Bases: purines and pyrimidines

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8
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine

Guanine

Contain double ring structures

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9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine

Cytosine

Uracil

Single ring structured

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10
Q

Standard numbering system

A

Bases and sugars

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11
Q

Number (1-9)

A

The nitrogen and carbon atoms found in ring structure of bases (1-9) for purines and (1-6) for pyrimidines

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12
Q

How to describe nucleic acids

A

Based on 3 structural features:

The type of sugar, base, and phosphate groups

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13
Q

Nucleoside

A

When a sugar is attached to only a base

Ribose Nucleotides end in -sine

Deoxyribose nucleotides begin with deoxy-

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14
Q

Phosphodiester linkage

A

The linkage of DNA and RNA

*A phosphate group connects 2 sugar molecules via Ester bond

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15
Q

Chargaffs rule

A

The amount of A in DNA equals the amount of T, and the amount of G equals C

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16
Q

Base pairs

A

The double stranded structure (DNA) is stabilized by a pair of bases in opposite strands that are hydrogen bonded to each other

AT/GC rule: purines (AG) always bond with pyrimidines (TC)

10 nucleotides per 360° in helix

17
Q

B DNA

A

Predominant form of DNA, right handed helix, 10 base pairs per 360°, bases centrally located and hydrogen bonds located perpendicular

18
Q

Z DNA

A

Left handed, zig zag, 12 base pairs, bases are tilted

*At high ionic strength formation of Z DNA confirmation is favored by purines or pyrimidines

Plays a role in: transcription, and chromosome structure

19
Q

RNA strands

A

Few hundred to several thousands strands longer, shorter than DNA

Made during transcription using one of the DNA strands as a template, creating 1 complementary RNA strand

Base pairing between A and U also G and C can occur in one or 2 separate RNA molecules

20
Q

Factors of RNA structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between base pairs, stacking between bases, and hydrogen bonding between bases and backbone regions ALSO reactions with ions, molecules, and large proteins

RNA folding is key to the molecules structure and function

Genetics (9 decks)

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