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Genetics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gregor johann Mendel

A

Priest who went to the university of Vienna to study physics and natural history, went on to carry out cross experiments with peas

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2
Q

Cross or hybridization

A

When two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred to each other

Offspring are called hybrids

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3
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid reproductive cells that fuse to form a zygote

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4
Q

Plant reproduction

A

Pollination: make gametes (sperm) are produced within pollen grains that form in anthers and female gametes (eggs) are produced within ovules that form ovaries. A pollen grain lands on stigma which stimulates growth of pollen tube, Sperm travels to ovule and fertilization takes place when sperm enters micropyle and fuses with egg cell

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5
Q

Self-fertilization

A

Pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant

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6
Q

Cross-fertilization

A

Pollen from one plant, placed on the stigma of another plant

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7
Q

True breeding strain or true breeding line

A

A variety that continues to produce the same trait after several generations of self fertilization

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8
Q

Single factor cross

A

A cross in which an experimenter observes one character

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9
Q

Monohybrids

A

A cross between two parents with different variants for a given character produced single character hybrids

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10
Q

Parental generation or P generation

A

True breeding plants that differed in a single character

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11
Q

F1 generation

A

First filial generation (son)

Produced by P crossing which is the crossing of true breeding parents to each other

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12
Q

Dominant

A

When one variant is dominant over another

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13
Q

Recessive

A

When a variant is masked by the presence of a dominant trait but appears in subsequent generations

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14
Q

Particulate theory of inheritance

A

The genetic determinants that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring

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15
Q

Gene

A

A unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of an organism’s traits

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16
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a particular gene

17
Q

Mandela law of segregation

A

The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during the transmission from parent to offspring

18
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic composition of an individual

19
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable traits of an organism

20
Q

Punnett square

A

A menthol proposed by British geneticist Reginald punnett to predict offsprings genotype with the parents genotypes

21
Q

Two factor crosses

A

The inheritance of two different characters within the same group of individuals

22
Q

The law of independent assortment

A

Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

23
Q

Genetic recombination

A

When an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs from those in the parental generation

2 mechanisms: independent assortment and crossing over

24
Q

Independent assortment

A

The pairs of chromosomes a sort themselves during the process of meiosis. When two different genes are found on different chromosomes, they randomly assort into haploid cells.

25
Q

Loss of function alleles

A

Defective genes that provide critical clues concerning the purpose of the proteins function within the organism.

26
Q

Pedigrees

A

Charts representing family relationships

Pedigree analysis: aimed at determining the type of inheritance pattern that genes follow

27
Q

How is the probability of a cross between two individuals and their outcome determined?

A

The product rule is used in problems in which the outcomes are independent of each other

The binomial expansion is used in problems having end and ordered a combination of outcomes

28
Q

Random sampling error

A

The deviation between the observed and expected outcomes

29
Q

Multinomial expansion equation

A

When two or more outcomes are possible we use this method to solve a problem involving an unordered number of outcomes

30
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Assumes there is no real difference between the observed and expected values

Any actual difference or presume to be random sampling errors

After observing predicted that are similar then we can conclude that but this is consistent

31
Q

Chi square test

A

Used to analyze population get it in which the members of the population fall into different categories

32
Q

P values

A

Values listed in the Chi square table that allow us to determine the likelihood that the amount of variation indicated by giving Chi squared value is due to random chance alone, based on a particular hypothesis

33
Q

The degrees of freedom

A

A measure of the number of categories that are independent of each other

Genetics (9 decks)

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