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Genetics > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromosomes

A

The structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

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2
Q

Genome

A

The entire complement of genetic material in an organism or species

  • bacteria’s genome is typically a singular circular chromosome
  • eukaryotes genetic material is found in different cellular compartments, also have a mitochondrial genome, plants have chloroplast genome
  • nuclear genome is one haploid set of chromosomes that resides in the cell nucleus.
  • humans have 22 autosomes, The X & Y chromosome
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3
Q

Protein-encoding genes

A

Account for the majority of bacterial DNA

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4
Q

Intergenic regions

A

The nontranscribed regions of DNA located between adjacent genes

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5
Q

Origin of replication

A

A sequence that is a few hundred nucleotides in length, functions as an initiation site for the assembly of several proteins required for DNA replication

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6
Q

Repetitive sequences

A

May play a role in a variety of genetic processes, including DNA folding, DNA replication, gene regulation, and genetic recombination

*some are transposable elements that can move throughout the genome

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7
Q

Microdomains

A

Loops that emanate from the core of bacterial chromosomes

Typically 10,000 base pairs in length

Length: Changes in response to environment

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8
Q

Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs)

A

DNA binding proteins that micro/macro domains use to facilitate chromosome compaction and organization

*also facilitate chromosome segregation and gene regulation

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9
Q

Structural maintenance chromosomes (SMC) proteins

A

Tether segments of DNA together

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10
Q

Negative supercoiling

A

Happens due to an unwinding force on DNA

  • makes chromosome much more compact, decreasing size
  • Affects DNA function
  • creates tension which is released by DNA strand separation in small regions
  • strand separation promotes replication and transcription
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11
Q

Topoisomerase I

A

Enzyme that relaxes negative supercoils

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12
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding intervening sequences, That can greatly increase the length of eukaryotic genes

Size: from 100bp to 10,000+bp

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13
Q

Exons

A

Regions of an RNA molecule that can remain after splicing has removed the introns

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14
Q

Origins of replication

A

Chromosomal sites necessary to to initiate DNA replication

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15
Q

Centromeres

A

Regions that play a role in the proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis, and is the site of kinetochores

-each eukaryote has 1 centromere usually at a constricted region of a mitotic chromosome

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16
Q

Kinetochore

A

Assemble just before and during the very early stages of mitosis and meiosis; composes of a group of proteins that link the Centromere to the spindle apparatus during mitosis and Milos is, ensuring proper segregation of chromosomes to each daughter cell

17
Q

Telomeres

A

Serve several important functions in the replication instability of chromosomes

  • prevent chromosomal rearrangements
  • prevent chromosome shortening in two ways
18
Q

How telomeres prevent chromosome shortening

A

First, the telomeres protect chromosomes from digestion via enzymes called exonucleases that recognize the ends of DNA

Second, and unusual form of DNA replication occurs at the telomere to ensure that eukaryotic chromosomes do not become shortened with each round of DNA replication

19
Q

Sequence complexity

A

The number of times a particular base sequence appears throughout the genome of a species

20
Q

Moderately repetitive sequences

A

Few hundred to several thousand times in genome

May play a role in the regulation of gene transcription and translation

21
Q

Transposable elements (TEs)

A

Short segments of DNA that have the ability to move within a genome, this is also where moderately repetitive sequences that do not play a functional role derive

22
Q

Highly repetitive sequences

A

Found tens of thousands or even millions of times throughout a genome

-relatively short

23
Q

Tandem arrays

A

This is where some moderately and highly repetitive sequences are clustered together, very short nucleotide sequence is repeated many times in a row

24
Q

Nucleosome

A

The repeating structural unit within eukaryotic chromatin, A double-stranded segment of DNA wrapped around a octamer of histone proteins

25
Q

The core Histone proteins

A

The octamer of histones contains two molecules each of four different histone proteins: H2A,H2B,H3,and H4)

H1: found in most eukaryotic cells and is called the linker histone, tightly bounded

  • non-histone proteins bound to the H1 protein Play a role in the organization, compaction of chromosomes, and maybe nearby genes
26
Q

The 30nm fiber

A

This fiber sure is the total length of DNA another sevenfold. The confirmation of DNA Maybe substantially altered when this fiber is extracted from living cells

Solenoid model: helical structure
Zig zag model: advocated by Rachel Horowitz, Christopher Woodcock, used cryoelectron microscopy
3D Zig zag model: Timothy Richmond, highly favorable

27
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

Filamentous a network of proteins in the nucleus

Parts:

  • Nuclear lamina: A collection of filaments that line the inner nuclear membrane
  • Internal nuclear matrix: It’s role is hypothesized to be an intricate find network of a regular protein filaments with many other proteins down to them.
28
Q

Matrix attachment regions

A

The MARs bind to specific proteins in the nuclear matrix, forming chromosomal loops

29
Q

Constitutive heterochromatin

A

Chromosomal regions that are always heterochromatic and permanently and active with regard to transcription

30
Q

Facultative heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that can occasionally enter convert between heterochromatin and euchromatin

31
Q

Condensin and Cohesin

A

Play a critical role in chromosomal condensation and sister chromatid alignment, both contain SMC proteins

Condensin: found outside of nucleus, multiple condensin proteins bring chromatin loops closer together and hold them in place

Cohesin: promotes the binding between sister chromatids, at anaphase, the Cohesins Down to the centromere are rapidly degraded by protease to allow sister chromatids separate

Genetics (9 decks)

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