chapter 9

Question 1

autonomic functions

Answer 1

Innervate organs whose functions are not normally voluntarily controlled

Question 2

autonomic subdivisions

Answer 2

Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, Entericq

Question 3

enteric

Answer 3

nerves innervate walls of the GI tract

Question 4

note the location of the ganglia and their proximity to the CNS (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Answer 4

• Sympathetic on either side of the spinal cord first ganglia, second also close
• Parasympathetic ganglia located next to or in the organ

Question 5

sympathetic neon’s that exit the spinal cord where do not synapse in the sympathetic chain of ganglia ?

Answer 5

below the diaphragm

Question 6

adrenal gland

Answer 6

secretes hormones from different layers in response to neural stimulation

Question 7

Dual innervation

Answer 7

one organ receiving sympathetic & parasympathetic input

Question 8

sympathetic does what (dual innervation)

Answer 8

• increases heart rate
• dilates and constricts veins
• contracts bladder sphincter

Question 9

parasympathetic does what (dual innervation)

Answer 9

• Decrease heart rate

- Relaxes bladder sphincter

Question 10

heart rate is controlled by a pacemaker called

Answer 10

antagonist

Question 11

fight or flight steps

Answer 11

1. Divergence of impulses to ganglia of the sympathetic system and convergence of impulse within ganglia can result in mass activation-increasing activity in response to fight or flight situations
2. Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic neurons and the secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
3. Heart rate, blood pressure increase
4. Blood increases to skeletal muscles, heart and brain: the essentials you need in that moment!

Question 12

norepinephrine comes from where during fight or flight

Answer 12

postganglionic neurons

Question 13

epinephrine comes from where during fight or flight

Answer 13

adrenal medulla

Question 14

rest and digest steps

Answer 14

1. The parasympathetic division is antagonistic to the sympathetic division.
2. Releases Ach from postganglionic neurons
3. Slows heart rate (decreases rate of pacemaker cells), and increases digestive activities

Question 15

as a note, the parasympathetic division is not normally activated as a whole. In other words there is no mass activation of this division

Answer 15

?? ok

Question 16

neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 16

• is the neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
• It is also the neurotransmitter released from most parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 17

neurotransmitter Norepinephrine

Answer 17

is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Question 18

The reason for the structure of the neurons and thus location of the ganglia is:

Answer 18

• Short postganglionic neurons in the PSNS allow for local responses
• Short preganglionic in the SNS allow for lots of divergence and convergence of information