chapter 8

Question 1

organization of the CNS

Answer 1

• Association or interneurons form a network of communication from one area of the brain to another
• We will look at the brain one area at a time according to embryonic divisions of Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

Question 2

CNS is composed of

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

functions of CNS

Answer 3

1. Receives input from sensory neurons and directs activity of motor neurons
2. Association neurons integrate sensory information and help direct the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment.
3. Humans are capable of learning and memory adding a layer of modification to our behaviors

Question 4

Forebrain–>Cerebrum

Answer 4

• higher mental functions

- largest portion of the brain

Question 5

cerebrum consigns of

Answer 5

• cerebral cortex: outer gray matter of cerebrum
• cerebral hemispheres each divided in lobes
• corpus callousum: bundle of nerves that connects the cortex layers of the left and right hemispheres

Question 6

functions of temporal lobe

Answer 6

Memory, auditory/visual experiences

-includes motor cortex

Question 7

functions of parietal lobes

Answer 7

Understanding speech, interpretation, somatesthetic interpretation
-includes somatosensory cortex: Body regions are represented by the largest area depending on the highest density of receptors

Question 8

functions of the frontal lobe

Answer 8

voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, higher intellectual processes, etc.

Question 9

functions of the insula

Answer 9

encoding of memory and integration of sensory information with visceral responses

Question 10

functions of the occipital lobe

Answer 10

vision and coordination of eye movements

Question 11

EEG

Answer 11

• Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

- Measures electrical activity of the extracellular fluid

Question 12

alpha waves

Answer 12

• record from the parietal and occipital regions for awake person with eyes closed.
• 10-12 cycles/sec for an adult

Question 13

beta waves

Answer 13

• record from frontal lobe with patterns of evoked activity (visual stimuli & mental activity)
• 13-25 cycles/sec

Question 14

Theta waves

Answer 14

• recorded from temporal and occipital lobes for sleeping adult or tasks that require attention, sleep deprivation, stress.
• 5-8 cycles/sec for asleep person

Question 15

Delta waves

Answer 15

• recorded from cerebral cortex during sleep.

- 1-5 cycles/sec

Question 16

emotions controlled by the limbic system; aggression

Answer 16

areas in the amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 17

emotions controlled by the limbic system; Fear

Answer 17

amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 18

emotions controlled by the limbic system; Hunger/satiety

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

emotions controlled by the limbic system; sex drive

Answer 19

the whole system

Question 20

Forebrain: Diencephalon–>Thalamus

Answer 20

• Relay center for sensory info (except smell)

- Allows you to focus on lecture and filter out the other senses bombarding you right now (whispers, writing, etc)

Question 21

Forebrain: Diencephalon–>Epithalamus

Answer 21

• regulates circadian rhythms and choroid plexus

- Includes the pineal gland

Question 22

forebrain –>hypothalamus

Answer 22

hypothalamus :
-Influenced by higher brain centers
Master command center for neural and endocrine coordination, regulates pituitary gland

-Key to homeostasis regulation: Controls what you need to survive: eating, drinking, regulation of body temp, etc.

Question 23

2 hormones produced by the forebrain –>hypothalamus

Answer 23

-ADH and oxytocin
-Transported for release by posterior pituitary
Produce releasing and inhibiting hormones transported and released by anterior pituitary

Question 24

midbrain functions

Answer 24

Motor control, maintains connections from cerebrum to cerebellum

Question 25

midbrain; Dopaminergic neurons project to basal nuclei and ____ _____

Answer 25

limbic system
-Those neurons leading to areas of the limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala and areas linking to the reward system are key areas for drug addiction studies.

Question 26

Dopamine

Answer 26

(a hormone associated with ‘good feelings’) is released in the nucleus accumbens (collection of neurons) after consumption of certain addictive drugs.

Question 27

Hindbrain 2 structues

Answer 27

Pons and Cerebellum

Question 28

Hidbrain; pons

Answer 28

sensory and motor tracts from the spinal cord, respiratory control centers

Question 29

Hindbrain; cerebellum

Answer 29

Controls complex motor skills and coordinates movements, motor learning
Receives info from areas of the body involved in movement: muscles & joints (proprioceptors), skin, eyes

Question 30

Medulla oblongata vital centers

Answer 30

cardio and respiratory**

Question 31

medulla oblongata

Answer 31

• All ascending and descending tracts between the brain and spinal cord pass through the medulla.
• Relay sensory info to the medulla and then thalamus

Question 32

optic nerve

Answer 32

• sensory
• function: vision
• II

Question 33

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Answer 33

• sensory
• sensory impulses associated w equilibrium
• sensory impulses associated w hearing
• VII

Question 34

PNS nerves are what kind of nerves

Answer 34

spinal nerves

Question 35

all spinal nerves/ PNS nerves separate near the spinal cord into a dorsal root carrying _____ (motor/sensory) fibers and a ventral root carrying _____ (motor/sensory) fibers

Answer 35

• dorsal root carrying sensory

- ventral root carrying motor fibers

Question 36

31 pairs of spinal nerves from top to bottom

Answer 36

• 8 C-cervical
• 12 T-thoracic
• 5 L-lumbar
• 5 S-sacral
• 1 Coccygeal

Question 37

reflex arc steps

Answer 37

• Reflex responses to stimuli is a multi-step process.
• A stimulus occurs at the receptor of a sensory neuron. This is sent along the afferent neuron as a nervous impulse and is received by the central nervous system
• The interneuron makes connections to the motor neuron. The motor neuron transmits the impulse to the effector organ.