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pays exam 2 > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

function of the endocrine system

A
  • regulation

- The regulation is specific to the receptor controlled by its hormone.

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2
Q

hormone

A

chemical message produced by an endocrine tissue and travels through the bloodstream to target cell receptor.

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3
Q

most hormones are screwed-released by ________ from a cell

A

exocytosis

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4
Q

Endocrine gland–>Adrenal Cortex major hormones

A
  • Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

- Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

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5
Q

Endocrine gland–>Adrenal medulla major hormones

A

epinephrine

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6
Q

Endocrine gland–>Hypothalamus major hormones

A

-releasing and inhibiting hormones

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7
Q

Endocrine gland–>Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) major hormones

A

insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

Endocrine gland–>anterior pituitary major hormones

A

trophic hormones

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9
Q

endocrine gland–>posterior pituitary major hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone oxytocin

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10
Q

hormones cause a sequence of changes in their ______

A

targets (receptors)

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11
Q

hormones also have an on/off switch to allow for concentration regulation or in other words physiological control of the hormone (feedback system)
((TRUE OR FALSE)

A

true

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12
Q

neurotransmitter vs hormones and similarities

A
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse to postynpatic cells
  • hormones travel through the blood
  • similarities: receptors, a change in the target cell, regulation
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13
Q

Amines hormones classification (method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

A

-composition: amino acids
-method of travel: bound/unbound
-receptor location: intracellular (protein free)/ membrane
most common example: thyroid, catecholamines

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14
Q

Peptide/protein hormones classification (method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

A
  • method of travel: free
  • receptor location: membrane
  • most common example: Insulin, ADH
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15
Q

Glycoprotein hormone classification (method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

A
  • method of travel: bound
  • receptor location: membrane
  • most common example: FSH, LH, in reproductive organs
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16
Q

Steroid hormone classification ((method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

A
  • method of travel: bound
  • receptor location: typically intracellular
  • most common example: Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol
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17
Q

how a cell responds to a hormone depends on what

A
  • amount of hormone

- the combination of all hormones

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18
Q

Synergistic hormones:

A

Occur when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect
–Epi and norepi

19
Q

Permissive hormone:

A

: Occur when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone
–Ex: estradiol, progesterone

20
Q

Antagonistic hormone

A

Occur when hormones work in opposite directions.

21
Q

what 2 aspects of receptors themselves can be regulated

A
  • number and affinity of receptors
  • Can be up-regulated (increase in #) or down-regulated.
  • Done to receptors of hormone or by hormone for other receptors
  • Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of hormone may result in a decreased number of receptors for that hormone.***
22
Q

relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A
  • posterior pituitary is More of an extension of the hypothalamus than its own gland
  • Hormone stored in vesicles in posterior pituitary???
  • Action potentials trigger release by exocytosis
23
Q

2 Posterior Pituitary Hormones (synthesized in hypothalamus)

A
  • both belong to the peptide class
  • Oxytocin is involved in the milk ejection reflex of nursing mothers and during labor. Stimuli in the nipple and cervix send neural signals to release hormone.

-Antidiuretic hormone (AKA Vasopressin and ADH) is involved in regulation of water balance and contracts blood vessels increasing blood pressure, stimuli occurs from changing the plasma osmolality

24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (AKA Vasopressin and ADH)

A
  • posteior pituitary hormones
  • peptide class
  • is involved in regulation of water balance and contracts blood vessels increasing blood pressure, stimuli occurs from changing the plasma osmolality
25
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • hormones secreted here are trophic hormones

- A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is called a tropic hormone (the h is dropped)

26
Q

Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary

A

The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

27
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system hormones(produced by Hypothalamus) sequence of events

A
  1. Regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone
    Ex: TRH
  2. Anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of a hormone from another endocrine gland
  3. The last hormone does the action on its target cell

Example: thyroid releases T3 and T4 hormones to do the action intended of this sequence

TRH -> TSH -> T3 & T4

28
Q

what controls the original release (hypothalamus)?

A
  • Specific Higher neural pathways influence secretion
  • Neurotransmitters (ex. Catecholamines, serotonin) are released across the synapses to the neurons of the hypothalamus that produce the original hormones
  • Also the negative feedback of a hormone in the sequence:
  • ->CRH is inhibited with the rise of concentration of the last hormone in sequence, cortisol in the plasma.

-None of the sequences should be thought of as isolated, outside factors can always influence (such as other hormones, drugs)

29
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

hypothalamus to posterior pituitary – neural input

30
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary, vascular link for hormones to input on the pituitary

31
Q

Relationship between pituitary and certain organ is referred to as an ____.

A

axis.

  • pituitary _____ axis
    example: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
32
Q

adrenal cortex hormones names (3)

A

-Mineralocorticoids from the zona glomerulosa regulate Na+ and K+ balance.
Example: aldosterone

-Glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata regulate glucose metabolism.
Example: cortisol

-Exogenous glucocorticoids are used medically to suppress immune response and inhibit inflammation; can have many negative side effects

33
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

-adrenal cortex hormone
–Mineralocorticoids from the zona glomerulosa regulate Na+ and K+ balance.
Example: aldosterone

34
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-adrenal cortex hormone
–Glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata regulate glucose metabolism.
Example: cortisol

35
Q

Exogenous glucocorticoids

A
  • adrenal cortex hormone
  • Exogenous glucocorticoids are used medically to suppress immune response and inhibit inflammation; can have many negative side effects
36
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

-Stimulated by sympathetic axons
-Release Epinephrine & Norepinephrine:
Increase cardiac output, respiratory rate, and mental alertness; dilate coronary blood vessels; elevate metabolic rates
-connection to heart??

37
Q

the Hormone Cortisol under stress (produced by Adrenal Cortex)

A
  • Stress increases secretion of ACTH, which results in increased glucocorticoid release.
  • The stress hormones are glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and CRH
38
Q

Functions of the Hormone Cortisol under stress (produced by Adrenal Cortex)

A
  • Maintain blood pressure - vascular effects (normal and under stress)
  • Shutdown nonessential functions like reproduction (changes during stress)
  • Inhibits inflammation and certain immune responses (most common)
  • Complete absence of cortisol always fatal!
39
Q

Pancreatic Hormones

A
  • Glucagon & Insulin
  • Regulate blood glucose levels, Causes an antagonistic effect (blocking)-insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing transport of glucose, it counters any activity that would increase levels of glucose. Glucagon promotes raising the glucose concentrations
40
Q

how insulin and glucagon work

A
  • eat a meal=high blood sugar concentration, promotes insulin releases and stimulates glycogen formation (glucose->glycogen). insulin also stimulates glucose uptake from blood, and they both lower blood sugar
  • hungry=low blood sugar. promotes glucagon release, which stimulates glycogen breakdown into glucose, which raises blood sugar
41
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

pancreases no longer makes insulin

42
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

pancreases makes insulin, but their bodies don’t reopens well to it

43
Q

Pineal Gland

A

-located in brain
-secretes melatonin
-Secretion Regulated by the hypothalamus
-At this location, action potentials are released during the day and almost no activity at night. AP inhibit melatonin secretion, therefore highest levels of melatonin occurs during the night.
-

pays exam 2 (6 decks)

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